(2b) “The end of a thing is its perfection; death is the end of life, therefore death is the perfection of life.” Indicate the fallacy in the foregoing, giving reasons. (3a) The countries of Europe abound in beggars, France is a country in Europe, ∴ France abounds in beggars. “The countries of Europe” in the major premise is used in a collective sense, while the same expression in the minor premise is used in a distributive sense. The argument is, therefore, invalid in meaning; _fallacy of division_. (3b) State and explain the material fallacy in the following: The states believe in the income tax principle; hence Vermont’s vote will be favorable to this. (4a) “On general principles I believe that one is better off when he abstains from both tea and coffee; and this is the reason why I offer you a cup of hot water.” The individual to whom the hot water was offered might have been in great need of a mild stimulant. Here, then, is an exception to the general principle and the fallacy committed is clearly that of _accident_. (4b) “Books are a source both of instruction and amusement; a table of logarithms is a book; therefore it is a source both of instruction and amusement.” Jevons. Designate with explanations the fallacy in the above argument. (5) “Twice have I started out on Friday and both times I had tire trouble.” Fallacy of _false cause_. (6) “Where do you spend your vacation, in Palestine or Rome?” Fallacy of _complex question_. (7) “Of all the men of that department he seemed to be the most trustworthy, and I pride myself on my ability to judge men in this regard; but now even the police cannot find him.” The fact that the police cannot find him has nothing to do with the argument. The fallacy is that of _non sequitur_. (8) “You must not whisper in _my_ classes.” Fallacy of _accent_. (9) “I am a Progressive because I believe in progress.” Fallacy of _figure of speech_. (10) “I know it is true because I found it in our text book.” Fallacy of _irrelevant conclusion_. =11. REVIEW QUESTIONS.= (1) Give the negative aspect of the second part of the definition of logic. (2) Define and illustrate the term fallacy as it is used in logic. (3) Distinguish between a paralogism and a sophism. (4) Tell of the mission of Socrates. (5) What reasons may be given for such a divergence of opinion on a proper classification of the fallacies of deduction? (6) Give a complete outline, without explanation, of the deductive fallacies. (7) Distinguish between formal and material fallacies. (8) Explain the two kinds of material fallacies. (9) Illustrate the fallacies of immediate inference. (10) Why should the fallacies in language be likewise termed fallacies of equivocation? (11) Explain and illustrate ambiguous middle. (12) Illustrate the fallacy of amphibology. (13) Explain by illustration the fallacy of accent.