A Class Room Logic: Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of TeachingMcNair, George Hastings
Philosophy
A Class Room Logic: Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of Teaching
McNair, George Hastings
Logic
When the term triangle is used to refer to the objects isosceles
triangle, scalene triangle, right triangle, it is employed in extension.
_A term is used in intension when it is employed with reference to the
attributes for which the term stands._
The term triangle is employed in intension when we use it to refer to
the qualities, three sided and three angled.
=3. EXTENDED COMPARISON OF EXTENSION AND INTENSION.=
A connotative term seems to be two dimensional――it has extent or length
and intent or depth.
“Extension consists of the things to which the term _ap_plies,” while
“intension consists of the properties which the term _im_plies.”
Extension is quantitative, while intension is qualitative. An
extensional use means to point out or number objects, while an
intensional use means to describe by naming qualities. To name is to
use a term in extension――to describe is to use a term in intension.
To divide a term into its kinds we must regard it in an extensional
sense; e. g., the term _man_ may be divided into Caucasian, Mongolian,
Malay, Ethiopian, American Indian.
To define a term we must regard it in an intensional sense; e. g., man
is a rational animal.
Etymologically considered extension means to _stretch out_, intension,
to _stretch within_. To use a term extensionally one must _look out_.
To use a term intensionally one must _look in_.
In attempting to use a term in extension we may ask ourselves the
question, “What are the kinds?” or “To what objects may the term be
applied?” While if we would use a term in intension the question should
be, “What does it mean?” or “What are the qualities?” Let us, for
example, use the term _metal_ in the two senses, first in extension,
second in intension. Question: To what _objects_ may the term _metal_
be applied? Answer: Metal may be applied to the objects silver, gold
and iron. Thus has metal been employed in extension.
Question: What are the _qualities_ of _metal_? Answer: The qualities
are element, metallic lustre, good conductor of heat and electricity.
Thus has metal been used in _intension_.
NOTE. Since an attribute is anything which _belongs_ to a subject, then
the _parts_ of a subject must be classed as attributes. Hence, a term
is used intensionally when reference is made to its parts.
=4. A LIST OF CONNOTATIVE TERMS USED IN EXTENSION AND INTENSION.=
_The Term._ _Extensional Use._ _Intensional Use._
{ roots, branches, trunk.
tree. maple, oak, beech. { or
{ woody-fiber, sap, bark.
house. stone, brick, cement. foundation, frame-work,
roof.
dog. shepherd, fox terrier, carnivorous, quadruped,
bull. propensity to bark.
book. textbook, dictionary, cover, leaves, binding.
encyclopaedia.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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