The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy 1154 Henry II. succeeds in England 1154 The Teutonic order begins 1164 The conquest of Egypt by the Turks 1169 The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th. Conquest of Ireland by Henry II. 1172 Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in England 1176 Alexius II. succeeds his father Manuel 1180 English laws digested by Glanville 1181 From the disorders of the government, on account of the minority of Alexius, Andronicus the grandson of the great Alexius is named Guardian, but he murders Alexius, and ascends the throne 1183 Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus, a descendant of the great Alexius by the female line, succeeds 1185 The third crusade, and siege of Acre 1188 Richard I. succeeds his father Henry in England 1189 Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of Ascalon 1192 Alexius Angelus brother of Isaac revolts, and usurps the sovereignty by putting out the eyes of the emperor 1195 John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men of this century were Peter Abelard, Anna Commena, St. Bernard, Averroes, William of Malmesbury, Peter Lombard, Otho ♦Frisingensis, Maimonides, Humenus, Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry of Monmouth, Tzetzes, Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Comestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, William of Newburgh 1199 ♦ ‘Trisingensis’ replaced with ‘Frisingensis’ Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and Isaac is taken from his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his son Alexius. This year is remarkable for the fourth crusade 1203 The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and Constantinople is again besieged and taken by the French and Venetians, who elect Baldwin count of Flanders emperor of the east. In the mean time, Theodore Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice; Alexius grandson of the tyrant Andronicus becomes emperor of Trebizond; and Michael, an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds an empire in Epirus 1204 The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and next year is succeeded by his brother Henry 1205