The Swiss cantons begin 1307 Edward II. succeeds to the English crown 1307 Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation continues 68 years, till the return of Gregory XI. 1308 Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his grandson the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts against his grandfather, who abdicates 1320 Edward III. succeeds in England ♦1327 ♦ ‘1337’ replaced with ‘1327’ First comet observed, whose course is described with exactness, in June 1337 About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor at Florence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Chrysoloras, where may be fixed the era of the revival of Greek literature in Italy 1339 Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Palæologus in the ninth year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been left guardian of the young prince, assumes the purple. First passage of the Turks into Europe 1341 The knights and burgesses of parliament first sit in the same house 1342 The battle of Crecy, August 26th 1346 Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship 1347 Order of the Garter in England established April 23rd 1349 The Turks first enter Europe 1352 Cantacuzene abdicates the purple 1355 The battle of Poictiers, September 19th 1356 Law pleadings altered from French into English as a favour from Edward III. to his people, in his 50th year 1362 Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand, and his extensive conquests till his death, after a reign of 35 years 1370 Accession of Richard II. to the English throne 1377 Manuel succeeds his father John Palæologus 1391 Accession of Henry IV. in England. The learned men of this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus Villa, Nicholas Lyra, William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras, Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of Westminster, Wickliff, Froissart, Nicholas Flamel, &c. 1399 Henry IV. is succeeded by his son Henry V. 1413 Battle of Agincourt, October 25th 1415 The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese 1420 Henry VI. succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople is besieged by Amurath II. the Turkish emperor 1422 John Palæologus II. succeeds his father Manuel 1424