=The Conception of Fixed Scales=.—The question is sometimes raised: How did man reach the conception of fixed scales? Here again opinions differ. Some consider that the extreme notes were fixed by the average compass of the human voice in impassioned speech, the interval being variously divided. Others claim that along with the vocal phase of music there was an instrumental side, and that the mechanical conditions in connection with instruments had bearing in the matter of organizing sounds into a scale; the rude, primitive trumpet of wood or bark, still found among forest tribes in South America and Africa, gives a series of harmonic notes. Whistles or flutes made in prehistoric times with a series of several tones, examples of combinations of little pipes, such as those known by the name of “Pan’s Pipes,” also bear on this question. Yet the facts are few and we are compelled to satisfy ourselves with mere conjecture. REFERENCES. Tylor.—Anthropology. Rowbotham.—History of Music. Smith.—The World’s Earliest Music. Grosse.—The Beginnings of Art. Raymond.—The Genesis of Art. Helmholtz.—The Sensations of Tone. Parry.—Evolution of the Art of Music. Bosanquet.—History of Aesthetic. Knight.—Philosophy of the Beautiful, Part II, Chap. IX. QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. Why do we consider music a force in civilization? What do we mean by Expression in music? The teacher will cite periods when “Expression” was the chief aim, when Form was. Cite periods when intense political and intellectual upheaval reacted on music. Give examples of the leading principles of Music. What kind of facts are of importance to the history of Music? What is the value of Archæology to the history of music? Why is Ethnology valuable to the history of music? Give several theories as to the origin of music. Is the scale used by us the scale of all nations?