ā as "a" in father. ī as "i" in machine. ă as "a" in papa. ĭ as "i" in pin. η as "e" in fete. ω as "o" in note. ε as "e" in met. ο as "o" in obey. υ equals approximately "eu" in feud or the French u. Note 1.—In diphthongs with a long vowel ι is subscribed. Note 2.—As in music, the difference between long and short is one of time, as musical notes image A difference in quality actually appears in pronunciation. Note 3.—A diphthong is counted long. But in determining accent final –αι– and –οι– are counted short except in the optative mode and in a few words, οἴμοι, οἴκοι. Bt. 3-4; Gl. 5; Gn. 5; H.A. 9-11. 3. The consonants are classified: (1) Mutes— Smooth Middle Rough With s Labial, π β φ ψ Palatal, κ γ χ ξ Lingual, τ δ θ ζ (2) Liquids— λ, μ, ν, ρ, as in English, σ(ς) is a sibilant. (3) ζ, ξ, ψ are called double consonants. Bt. 12; Gl. 38; Gn. 18-22. SYLLABLES 1. There are as many syllables in a word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. 2. Consonants are pronounced with succeeding vowels: λό-γος, πο-λί-της, ἐ-λέ-γε-το. Where two consonants occur together, they are not separated at the beginning of a word or in the case of combinations that do occur at the beginning of the words. G. 97; H.A. 91. II. ACCENT Accent occurs on one of the last three syllables, and represents to the eye the movement of the voice in pronouncing words. Its practical value is to indicate the stress of the voice in reading. Note 1.—Accent forms are three (acute ´, grave `, and circumflex ˆ) and may be summarized thus: Short ultima { antepenult ´ { short penult ´ { long penult ˆ { ultima ´ Long ultima { penult ´ { ultima ´ or ` Note 2.—In composition acute accent on the last syllable becomes grave. Note 3.—Accent is often arbitrary. Rules indicate where accent may (not must) occur. III. BREATHINGS Words beginning with a vowel are pronounced with or without aspiration (initial "h"). Aspiration is indicated by the sign ( ῾ ), ὅτι (hoti). Unaspirated syllables are marked ( ᾿ ), οὐκ (ook). American him is ῾im; horse is ῾orse. English im is ᾿im; orse is ᾿orse. Note 1.—Breathing stands over the vowel: in a diphthong, over the second vowel (accent also stands over the second vowel, and precedes the breathing). Bt. 8; Gl. 6; Gn. 11. Note may be made of the marks of punctuation: comma (,), colon (·), interrogation (;), period (.). IV. DECLENSIONS 1. There are three numbers; singular, dual, and plural. In late Greek the dual is less frequent and except the numeral δύο, does not occur in the New Testament. Bt. 74; Gl. 57; Gn. 155; H.A. 123. 2. The five cases are the nominative, genitive (equals of, or a possessive), dative (equals to, for, with), accusative (equals English objective), vocative (as in direct address). Bt 74; Gl. 59; Gn. 160; H.A. 123.