3 The o– declension (stems end in —o—). Sing. Dual Plural (rare in late Greek) Mas. Neut. Mas. and Neut. Mas. Neut. Nom. —ος —ον —ω —οι —ᾰ Gen. —ου —ου —οιν —ων —ων Dat. —ῳ —ῳ —οιν —οις —οις Acc. —ον —ον —ω —ους —ᾰ Voc. —ε —ον —ω —οι —ᾰ (or same as Nom.) (1) Masculine nouns (and a few feminines) end in –ος in Nom. Sing.: Neuters end in –ον. (2) The stem of an —o— noun may be found by dropping the case-ending and adding the stem vowel —o—. Bt. 76; Gl. 62; Gn. 192; H.A. 133. Examples Determine stem in each of the following words and affix the above case-ending. Note changes in the accent and the reasons therefor. ἄρτος, στόλος, λόγος, υἱός, ἄνθρωπος, ἱερόν; σοφός, σοφόν; αὐτός, οὔτος. Translate and construe: 1. λέγει (says) αὐτῷ ὁ Φίλιππος. 2. ἐν τῷ τοῦ Κρόνου ἱερῷ. 3. καλεῖται (is called) οὗτος ὁ τόπος βίος. 4. περίβολος ἦν (was), ἐν αὐτῷ ἒχων (having, = with) ἑτέρους περιβόλους δύο. 5. οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί. 4. The a– declension (stems end in —a—). Sing. Dual Plural Fem. Mas. Fem. and Mas. Mas. and Mas. Nom. —α, —η —ας, —ης —ᾱ —αι Gen. —ᾱς, —ης —ου, —ου —αιν —ῶν Dat. —ᾳ, —ῃ —ᾳ, —ῃ —αιν —αις Acc. —αν, —ην —αν, —ην —ᾱ —ᾱς Voc. —α, —η —α, —α —ᾱ —αι (1) Feminine nouns in the Nom. Sing. end in –ᾰ, –ᾱ, or –η; mas. nouns, in –ας or –ης. (2) In the gen. sing., mas. nouns end in –ου. (3) Except in the genitive, final –α in the sing. is short when not preceded by ε, ι, or ρ, otherwise long. (4) If in the mas. the –ος is preceded by ε, ι, or ρ, (note 3), the fem. sing. nom. ends in –ᾱ, otherwise in –η. Bt. 76; Gl. 66; Gn. 171; H.A. 132-3. Examples—as in 1 μοῦσα, οἰκία, χώρα, τιμή; ὁπλίτης, ταμίας; αὐτή, αὔτη; ἡ ὁδός. Translate and construe: 1. ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν. 2. καὶ αὕτη ἐστὶν (is) ἡ μαρτυρία τοῦ Ἰωάννου. 3. τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ μαρτυρία. 4. ὁ στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς. 5. ἠ πύλη τοῦ πρώτου περιβόλου. 6. Τύχη ἔστι δὲ οὐ μόνον τυφλή, ᾶλλὰ καὶ κωφή. 7. Πλάνος καὶ Ἄγνοια. 5. The Consonant declension (stems end in a consonant). With these are grouped in the grammar (3rd declension) nouns with stems in ι, υ, or a diphthong.