27. Anticipate for the pupils what is to come, i.e., stimulate interest by giving a bird's-eye view of the movement before it is analyzed. 28. Emphasize the operation of cause and effect--what a nation or a people sows, so it also reaps. 29. Avoid rote memorizing. 30. Employ recapitulation, summary, and review frequently. 31. Always have a lesson plan. 32. Have "everybody into the game." 33. Shape the work so that it presents the appearance of a real, vital, personal problem. 34. Appear to be a learner with the pupils. 35. Make much use of blackboards and concrete material. 36. Emphasize the value of written work, outlines, map study, and personal reactions. 37. Illustrate, expound, vivify. 38. Keep pupils looking for resemblances. 39. Teach with reference to applications. 40. Show pupils how to study history. 41. Keep in touch with current events and devote some time each week to such events. 42. Have frequent written work, as, (_a_) Condensation of a few pages of notable historical works. (_b_) Abstracts of accounts of definite events. (_c_) Tests, examinations, written lessons. (_d_) Notebooks. (_e_) Outline maps. 43. Occasionally read selections of historical material before the class. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METHODS Allen, J. W. _Place of History in Education._ Barnes, M. S. _Studies in Historical Methods._ Bourne, H. E. _Teaching of History and Civics in the Elementary and Secondary School._ Burstall, Sara A. _Impressions of American Education._ (Chap. on Method. Edition of 1908.) Bernheim, E. _Lehrbuch der Historischen Methode._ Committee of Ten. _Report_, pp. 162-203. Committee of Seven. _Study of History in Schools._ Committee of Five. _Study of History in Secondary Schools._ Freeman, E. A. _Methods of Historical Study._ Hall, G. S. _Methods of Teaching History._ Hinsdale, B. A. _How to Study and Teach History._ Hartwell, E. C. _The Teaching of History._ Jaeger, O. _Teaching of History._ (Tr. by H. J. Clayton.) Keatinge, M. W. _Studies in the Teaching of History._ Langlois, C. V. and Seignobos, C. _Introduction to the Study of History._ Mace, W. H. _Methods in History._ McMurry, C. A. _Special Method in History._ Maitland, et al. _Essays on the Teaching of History._ Robinson, J. H. _The New History_; also, _Introduction to the History of Western Europe._ Seignobos, Charles. _La Methode Historique Applique._ PERIODICAL ARTICLES ON METHODS Barrows, A. C. _Teaching History._ Ed. 29:140. Below, G. _Die neue historische Methode._ In Historische Zeitschrift, N. T. V. 45, pp. 193-273. Cheyney, E. P. _What is History?_ History Teachers' Magazine, Dec., 1910, p. 75 ff. Clark, L. A. _A Good Way to Teach History._ Sch. Rev. 17:255. Davison, Ellen S. _History in German Secondary Schools._ Ed. Rev. 40:356. Ellwood, C. A. _How History can be Taught from a Sociological Point of View._ Ed. 30:300. Hall, G. S. _The Pedagogy of History._ Ped. Sem. 12:339.