7. Carlyle (1795-1881), through his keen insight into character and his love of hero-worship, introduced the vividly realistic and picturesque element. 8. Buckle (1821-1862) included economic forces in his studies and sought the spirit of history apart from particular men and events. 9. Macaulay (1800-1859) presented historical philosophy and the laws and theories of government in eloquent and fascinating style, thus bringing to the popular mind an interest that had heretofore been slight. 10. Froude (1818-1894), in charming literary style but with carelessness of detail, emphasized the personal element in history and set himself the ideal of "simply recording human actions without theorizing theron." 11. Stubbs (1825-1901) "introduced the critical study of mediaeval sources into England," employed exact methods of work, and gave impetus to constitutional history. 12. Green (1837-1883) depicted the progress of the life of the people and dealt only incidentally with the political history of the state. 13. Schmoller (1838- ) emphasized the economic aspects of history. VI. _History in the Curriculum._ 1. Pre-Renaissance Period: Incidental historical study made in connection with the study of biography and literature. 2. Renaissance Period: Historical studies pursued as auxiliary to the interpretation of the classics. 3. Post-Renaissance Period in Europe. (_a_) Heraldry and local, contemporary historical incidents and events taught in Ritterakedemien after 1648. (_b_) In Germany, the systematic study of history in schools really dates from about 1806, though an independent status was given history in the universities (particularly in Goettingen) in the 18th century. (_c_) In France, historical study was introduced by Guizot (about 1833) but received no great attention until after 1860, though there was nominally a chair of history in the College de France after 1769. (_d_) In England, none but incidental attention was given historical study until after the middle of the 19th century, though there was a professorship of ancient history at Oxford in 1622, and professorships of modern history were found at both Oxford and Cambridge in 1724. 4. Historical Study in America. (_a_) History was taught incidentally by professors of philosophy in most of the universities from their founding. (_b_) Yale had a professorship of ecclesiastical history in 1778-1795. (_c_) Harvard established the first professorship in history (in the general sense of the term) in 1839, Jared Sparks being the first incumbent. (_d_) Columbia University and the University of Michigan established chairs of history in 1857. (_e_) Yale established a chair of history in 1865. (_f_) The first seminary in history was established at the University of Michigan in 1869 by Prof. C. K. Adams.