were Wilhelm Ballot, Moritz Böttcher, Philipp August Feddern, and Wilhelm Lübeck. In 1836 Dr. Karl Ignaz Lorinser (1796-1853), state medical counsellor at Oppeln, in Prussian Silesia, published a striking article on “Safeguarding Health in the Schools,”[74] in which he urged that too exclusive training of the mind in the higher schools was threatening national vigor. His paper and the widespread discussion which followed called the attention of the ministry of education anew to the need of reform, and led to various orders looking toward more or less systematic introduction of bodily exercises under the supervision of teachers. Participation, however, depended upon parental consent and the inclination of pupils. The cabinet order of June 6, 1842, and the summons of Massmann to Berlin in the spring of 1843 to organize a system of statewide physical training aroused expectations which were slow in being realized. Instead of the Spiess plan of separate facilities at each school and a graded scheme of exercises incorporated in the school program, Massmann clung tenaciously to the idea of great central exercising grounds (_Turnplätze_), preferably a single one even for the larger cities, and a gathering here of all ages and classes for free activity, especially on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons—a system of public playgrounds, rather than one of orderly physical training. But his endeavor to revive the Jahn gymnastics on a new _Turnplatz_ laid out in the neighborhood of the old Hasenheide site met with little success, and the numbers in attendance dwindled rapidly. The times had changed, and there was no one to supply Jahn’s inspiring leadership. Teachers were needed, but Eiselen’s death had cut short a plan to have him give two courses a year, of six weeks each, in his private gymnasium. A “Central Training School for Teachers of Gymnastics” (_Zentral-Bildungsanstalt für Turnlehrer_), under Massmann’s direction, was therefore organized instead. It was to give annually two three-months’ courses, beginning April 1 and August 1, to a maximum of thirty pupils in each. The opening took place May 1, 1848, in the Eiselen gymnasium; but the courses were discontinued before the end of the following year. The attendance had been disappointingly small, and those who came manifested little interest in their work. Massmann, already a discredited leader with whose projects the school authorities themselves had shown little sympathy, was retired in 1850. The government attitude toward the Jahn _Turnen_ was still one of suspicion and antagonism, and meanwhile attention had been drawn to the claims of a new system of gymnastics, built up on foreign soil. [Illustration: FIG. 24.—Hugo Rothstein (1810-1865).]