This latter gentleman, who succeeded Follen at the Boston gymnasium late in June or early in July of 1827, was Francis (German, _Franz_) Lieber, born in Berlin on March 18, 1800. In 1811 he became acquainted with Jahn, at the Hasenheide _Turnplatz_. Although too young to join his older brothers in the first campaign of the War of Liberation, upon Napoleon’s return from Elba he entered (May 26, 1815) a volunteer regiment, the Pomeranian Rifles or Kolberg Regiment, took part in the battle of Ligny, was severely wounded at Namur, and later suffered from a prolonged siege of typhus fever in the hospitals at Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne. After his return home he attended for a time the _Gymnasium zum grauen Kloster_, and now became one of the most ardent and tireless of Jahn’s turners, accompanying him on the month-long excursions to the Island of Rügen in 1817 and to Breslau the following year.[203] In July of 1819, a few days after Jahn’s arrest, Lieber was also seized as an enemy of the state. After four months in prison he was allowed to go free, but forbidden to study in any Prussian university. The universities of Heidelberg and Tübingen also refused him admission, but he met with better success at Jena, where he received his doctor’s degree (Ph.D.) in 1820, studying afterwards for brief periods in Halle and Dresden (1821). In December of that year Lieber joined at Marseilles a band of Philhellenes, who sailed from that port to give their services in the cause of freedom to a foreign race, since the reaction at home left no opportunity there for patriotic endeavor; but disgusted with the cowardice, incapacity, and lying met at every step in Greece, he returned in a small vessel to Ancona, on the eastern coast of Italy, reached Rome about the first of June, and spent the next year as private tutor in the family of Barthold Georg Niebuhr, the celebrated German historian, at that time Prussian ambassador at the Papal Court. The Prussian King, and later Kamptz, the Minister of Police, had assured Lieber that no further persecution need be feared in his own country, and for some months after his return to Berlin, which he reached August 10, 1823, it seemed as though all was well. But in time it appeared that every movement was watched by the police. Foreseeing the fate that awaited him if he remained longer in Germany, he now took steps looking toward a career in some foreign land. Lessons in English were begun in February of 1826, and among other things he secured from Major-General von Pfuel, in charge of a swimming school in Berlin, a testimonial as to his skill in that art and his ability to conduct a similar institution with success. When all was ready he left Berlin, May 17, 1826, and ten days later reached London, travelling by way of Hamburg and Gravesend.