Military Training and Discipline 29 The Introduction of Greek Gymnastics 31 The Exercises of the Public Baths 32 The Public Spectacles of the Amphitheater and the Circus 33 CHAPTER III. THE TEUTONIC INVADERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 34 CHAPTER IV. ASCETICISM IN THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Causes 37 Nature of the Period 38 Effects 39 CHAPTER V. MONASTERY AND CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS. 41 CHAPTER VI. CHIVALRY. 43 CHAPTER VII. THE UNIVERSITIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 47 CHAPTER VIII. THE PERIOD OF THE RENAISSANCE AND THE REFORMATION. Changes in Education—The Humanists 49 Vittorino da Feltre 49 Physical Training Advocated by Writers on Education: In Italy—Cardano, Mercurialis, etc. 50 Luther, Zwingli, Camerarius, Comenius 53 The Spanish Scholar Vives 54 In France—Rabelais and Montaigne 54 In England—Elyot, Mulcaster, Milton 57 CHAPTER IX. LOCKE AND ROUSSEAU. John Locke 59 Jean Jacques Rousseau 61 Medical Writers of the Period 64 CHAPTER X. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GERMANY. Basedow, and the Dessau “Philanthropinum” 67 Salzmann, and the Schnepfenthal Educational Institute 70 The Life and Work of GutsMuths 71 His Writings 77 Vieth’s “Encyclopedia of Bodily Exercises” (Footnote) 81 CHAPTER XI. FRIEDRICH LUDWIG JAHN, AND POPULAR GYMNASTICS IN GERMANY. Jahn’s Early Life 83 The Outdoor Gymnasium (Hasenheide _Turnplatz_) near Berlin 88 The Spread of the Jahn Gymnastics in Germany, up to 1819 95