The Reaction of 1819—Jahn’s Later Life 98 The Development of Popular Gymnastic Societies since 1840—The _Deutsche Turnerschaft_ 101 CHAPTER XII. ADOLF SPIESS, THE FATHER OF GERMAN SCHOOL GYMNASTICS. Early Life, and School Days at Offenbach 109 University Student and Tutor 110 Teacher in Switzerland, at Burgdorf and Basel 112 In Charge of School Gymnastics in the Grand Duchy of Hesse 116 His Contribution to Physical Education 117 CHAPTER XIII. PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE PRUSSIAN SCHOOLS. Ernst Eiselen in Berlin 120 Massmann Endeavors to Revive the Jahn Plan 121 Rothstein at the Berlin Central Institute 122 The Training of Teachers in More Recent Times 124 Gymnastics in the Schools 127 The German Universities and Technical Schools 130 CHAPTER XIV. THE PLAYGROUND MOVEMENT IN GERMANY. Koch and Hermann in Brunswick 132 Hartwich in Düsseldorf 135 Von Gossler’s “Playground Order” 137 Von Schenckendorff and Eitner at Görlitz 138 The Central Committee, 1891-1915 142 CHAPTER XV. PER HENRIK LING, FATHER OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SWEDEN. Early years in Sweden 146 Student in Copenhagen 148 The Lund Period 149 The Stockholm Period—The “Central Institute” 151 CHAPTER XVI. LING’S SUCCESSORS AT THE CENTRAL INSTITUTE IN STOCKHOLM. Branting, Georgii 156 Nyblæus, Hartelius, Hjalmar Ling 158 Törngren, Silow, Balck, Sellén 161 The Central Institute in 1900 163 Proposed Reorganization (1912) 170 CHAPTER XVII. PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOLS OF SWEDEN. Elementary Schools 171 Higher Schools for Boys 173 Higher Schools for Girls—Private Schools 176