18. Contrast the syntax of the Anglo-Saxon with the Modern English adjective. What is the English for the Anglo-Saxon words _wit_, _unc_, _incer_? 19. Express, in general terms, the chief points wherein a modern language differs from an ancient one: or, rather, the points wherein the different stages of the same language differ. 20. Investigate the influence of the Norman Conquest on the English. Explain the terms Semi-Saxon, Old English, and Middle English. Compare the stages of the English with those of the other Gothic tongues. 21. Give the Modern English for the following forms and expressions--_munucas_, _steorran_, _to lufienne_. What are the Anglo-Saxon forms of _munucan_, _steorres_, _i-hotte_, _clepen_? Translate the Latin word _omnium_ (genitive plural of _omnis_) into _Old_ English. Translate the Greek ὁ, ἡ, τὸ into Anglo-Saxon, Old English, and Modern English. 22. Investigate the extent to which the Anglo-Norman superseded the Anglo-Saxon subsequent to the Conquest. Is any further change in the grammatical structure of our language probable? If so, what do you consider will be the nature of it? * * * * * PART III. SOUNDS, LETTERS, PRONUNCIATION, SPELLING. * * * * * CHAPTER I. GENERAL NATURE AND CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS. § 105. To two points connected with the subject of the following chapter, the attention of the reader is requested. a. In the comparison of sounds the ear is liable to be misled by the eye. Thus-- The syllables ka and ga are similar syllables. The vowel is in each the same, and the consonant is but slightly different. Hence the words ka and ga are more allied to each other than the words ka and ba, ka and ta, &c., because the consonantal sounds of k and g are more allied than the consonantal sounds of k and b, k and t. Comparing the syllables ga and ka, we see the affinity between the sounds, and we see it at the first glance. It lies on the surface, and strikes the ear at once.