4. Give the dates of the Battle of Hastings, and of the reigns of Louis Outremer, Ethelred II, and Edward the Confessor. What was the amount of Norman-French elements in England anterior to the Conquest? 5. Give the languages from whence the following words were introduced into the English--_flannel_, _jerked_ (as to _beef_), _hammock_, _apparatus_, _waltz_, _Seraph_, _plaid_, _street_, _muslin_. 6. Distinguish between the _direct_, _indirect_, and _ultimate_ origin of introduced words. What words have we in English which are supposed to have _originated_ in the Ancient Ægyptian, the Syrian, and the languages of Asia Minor? 7. Under what different forms do the following words appear in English--_monasterium_, πρεσβύτερος, ἐπίσκοπος. Account for these differences. _Syrup_, _shrub_, and _sherbet_, all originate from the same word. Explain the present difference. 8. Give the _direct_ origin (i.e., the languages from which they were _immediately_ introduced) of--_Druid_, _epistle_, _chivalry_, _cyder_, _mæander_. Give the _indirect_ origin of the same. 9. Investigate the process by which a word like _sparrow-grass_, apparently of _English_ origin, is, in reality, derived from the Latin word _asparagus_. Point out the incorrectness in the words _frontispiece_, _colleague_, and _lanthorn_. 10. To what extent may _Norse_, and to what extent may _Celtic_ words, not found in the current language of English, be found in the provincial dialects? 11. What were the original names of the towns _Whitby_ and _Derby_? From what language are the present names derived? Give the reason for your answer. 12. Show the extent to which the _logical_ and _historical_ analyses coincide in respect to the words introduced from the Roman of the second period, the Arabic, the Anglo-Norman, and the Celtic of the current English. 13. What are the plural forms of _criterion_, _axis_, _genius_, _index_, _dogma_? When is a word introduced from a foreign language _perfectly_, when _imperfectly_ incorporated with the language into which it is imported? Is the following expression correct--_the cherubim that singeth aloft_? If not, why? 14. What is there exceptionable in the words _semaphore_ (meaning a sort of telegraph), and _witticism_. Give the etymologies of the words _icicle_, _radicle_, and _radical_. 15. What are the singular forms of _cantharides_, _phænomena_, and _data_? 16. What are the stages of the English language? How does the present differ from the older ones? 17. Exhibit in detail the inflections of the Anglo-Saxon a) noun, and b) verb, which are not found in the present English. What is the import of the loss of inflections, and their replacement by separate words? What is the nature of such words in nouns? What in verbs?