SATIRICAL LITERATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES--JOHN DE HAUTEVILLE AND ALAN DE LILLE--GOLIAS AND THE GOLIARDS--THE GOLIARDIC POETRY--TASTE FOR PARODY--PARODIES ON RELIGIOUS SUBJECTS--POLITICAL CARICATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES--THE JEWS OF NORWICH--CARICATURE REPRESENTATIONS OF COUNTRIES--LOCAL SATIRE--POLITICAL SONGS AND POEMS 159 CHAPTER XI. MINSTRELSY A SUBJECT OF BURLESQUE AND CARICATURE--CHARACTER OF THE MINSTRELS--THEIR JOKES UPON THEMSELVES AND UPON ONE ANOTHER--VARIOUS MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS REPRESENTED IN THE SCULPTURES OF THE MEDIÆVAL ARTISTS--SIR MATTHEW GOURNAY AND THE KING OF PORTUGAL--DISCREDIT OF THE TABOR AND BAGPIPES--MERMAIDS 188 CHAPTER XII. THE COURT FOOL--THE NORMANS AND THEIR GABS--EARLY HISTORY OF COURT FOOLS--THEIR COSTUME--CARVINGS IN THE CORNISH CHURCHES--THE BURLESQUE SOCIETIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES--THE FEASTS OF ASSES, AND OF FOOLS--THEIR LICENCE--THE LEADEN MONEY OF THE FOOLS--THE BISHOP'S BLESSING 200 CHAPTER XIII. THE DANCE OF DEATH--THE PAINTINGS IN THE CHURCH OF LA CHAISE DIEU--THE REIGN OF FOLLY--SEBASTIAN BRANDT; THE SHIP OF FOOLS--DISTURBERS OF CHURCH SERVICE--TROUBLESOME BEGGARS--GEILER'S SERMONS--BADIUS, AND HIS SHIP OF FOOLISH WOMEN--THE PLEASURES OF SMELL--ERASMUS; THE PRAISE OF FOLLY 214 CHAPTER XIV. POPULAR LITERATURE AND ITS HEROES; BROTHER RUSH, TYLL EULENSPIEGEL, THE WISE MEN OF GOTHAM--STORIES AND JEST-BOOKS--SKELTON, SCOGIN, TARLTON, PEELE 228 CHAPTER XV. THE AGE OF THE REFORMATION--THOMAS MURNER; HIS GENERAL SATIRES--FRUITFULNESS OF FOLLY--HANS SACHS--THE TRAP FOR FOOLS--ATTACKS ON LUTHER--THE POPE AS ANTICHRIST--THE POPE-ASS AND THE MONK-CALF--OTHER CARICATURES AGAINST THE POPE--THE GOOD AND BAD SHEPHERDS 244 CHAPTER XVI. ORIGIN OF MEDIÆVAL FARCE AND MODERN COMEDY--HROTSVITHA--MEDIÆVAL NOTIONS OF TERENCE--THE EARLY RELIGIOUS PLAYS--MYSTERIES AND MIRACLE PLAYS--THE FARCES--THE DRAMA IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 264 CHAPTER XVII. DIABLERIE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY--EARLY TYPES OF THE DIABOLICAL FORMS--ST. ANTHONY--ST. GUTHLAC--REVIVAL OF THE TASTE FOR SUCH SUBJECTS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY--THE FLEMISH SCHOOL OF BREUGHEL--THE FRENCH AND ITALIAN SCHOOLS--CALLOT, SALVATOR ROSA 288 CHAPTER XVIII. CALLOT AND HIS SCHOOL--CALLOT'S ROMANTIC HISTORY--HIS "CAPRICI," AND OTHER BURLESQUE WORKS--THE "BALLI" AND THE BEGGARS--IMITATORS OF CALLOT; DELLA BELLA--EXAMPLES OF DELLA BELLA--ROMAIN DE HOOGHE 300 CHAPTER XIX.