(3) _The Hsi-Hsia State in the north_ (1038-1227) 1 Continuation of Turkish traditions 224 (4) _The empire of the Southern Sung dynasty_ (1127-1279) 1 Foundation 225 2 Internal situation 226 3 Cultural situation; reasons for the collapse 227 (5) _The empire of the Juchên in the north_ (1115-1234) 1 Rapid expansion from northern Korea to the Yangtze 229 2 United front of all Chinese 229 3 Start of the Mongol empire 230 Chapter X: THE PERIOD OF ABSOLUTISM (A) _The Mongol Epoch_ (1280-1368) 1 Beginning of new foreign rules 232 2 "Nationality legislation" 233 3 Military position 234 4 Social situation 235 5 Popular risings: National rising 238 6 Cultural 241 (B) _The Ming Epoch_ (1368-1644) 1 Start. National feeling 243 2 Wars against Mongols and Japanese 244 3 Social legislation within the existing order 246 4 Colonization and agricultural developments 248 5 Commercial and industrial developments 250 6 Growth of the small gentry 252 7 Literature, art, crafts 253 8 Politics at court 256 9 Navy. Southward expansion 258 10 Struggles between cliques 259 11 Risings 262 12 Machiavellism 263 13 Foreign relations in the sixteenth century 264 14 External and internal perils 266 (C) _The Manchu Dynasty_ (1644-1911)