1 Installation of the Manchus 270 2 Decline in the eighteenth century 272 3 Expansion in Central Asia; the first State treaty 277 4 Culture 279 5 Relations with the outer world 282 6 Decline; revolts 284 7 European Imperialism in the Far East 285 8 Risings in Turkestan and within China: the T'ai P'ing Rebellion 288 9 Collision with Japan; further Capitulations 294 10 Russia in Manchuria 296 11 Reform and reaction: The Boxer Rising 296 12 End of the dynasty 299 Chapter XI: THE REPUBLIC (1912-1948) 1 Social and intellectual position 303 2 First period of the Republic: The warlords 309 3 Second period of the Republic: Nationalist China 314 4 The Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945) 317 Chapter XII: PRESENT-DAY CHINA 1 The growth of communism 320 2 Nationalist China in Taiwan 323 3 Communist China 327 Notes and References 335 Index 355 ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Painted pottery from Kansu: Neolithic. _Facing page_ 48 _In the collection of the Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin_. 2 Ancient bronze tripod found at Anyang. 49 _From G. Ecke: Frühe chinesische Bronzen aus der Sammlung Oskar Trautmann, Peking 1939 plate 3._ 3 Bronze plaque representing two horses fighting each other. Ordos region, animal style. 64 _From V. Griessmaier: Sammlung Baron Eduard von der Heydt, Vienna 1936, illustration No. 6._ 4 Hunting scene: detail from the reliefs in the tombs at Wu-liang-tz'u. 64 _From a print in the author's possession_. 5 Part of the "Great Wall". 65 _Photo Eberhard._ 6 Sun Ch'üan, ruler of Wu. 144 _From a painting by Yen Li-pen (c. 640-680)._ 7 General view of the Buddhist cave-temples of Yün-kang. In the foreground, the present village; in the background the rampart. 145 _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson._ 8 Detail from the Buddhist cave-reliefs of Lungmen. 160 _From a print in the author's possession._ 9 Statue of Mi-lo (Maitreya, the next future Buddha), in the "Great Buddha Temple" at Chengting (Hopei). 161 _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson._