XVI. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION 139 XVII. CREDIT AND CRISES 150 XVIII. THE MODERN STATE AND THE MERCANTILE SYSTEM 161 XIX. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 174 XX. THE NETHERLANDS 190 XXI. ENGLAND: SURVEY OF COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT 199 XXII. ENGLAND: EXPORTS 209 XXIII. ENGLAND: IMPORTS; SHIPPING; POLICY 219 XXIV. FRANCE: SURVEY OF COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT 229 XXV. FRANCE: POLICY 242 XXVI. THE GERMAN STATES 250 XXVII. ITALY AND MINOR STATES 263 PART IV RECENT COMMERCE XXVIII. COMMERCE AND COAL 270 XXIX. MACHINERY AND MANUFACTURES 280 XXX. ROADS AND RAILROADS 290 XXXI. MEANS OF NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION 302 XXXII. THE WARES OF COMMERCE 317 XXXIII. THE MODERN ORGANIZATION 329 XXXIV. COMMERCIAL POLICY 345 XXXV. ENGLAND: COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT, 1800-1850 357 XXXVI. ENGLAND: REFORM OF COMMERCIAL POLICY 368 XXXVII. ENGLAND: COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT, 1850-1914 376 XXXVIII. ENGLAND: PRE-WAR PROBLEMS 386 XXXIX. GERMAN STATES 400 XL. GERMANY UNDER THE EMPIRE 408 XLI. FRANCE 422 XLII. MINOR STATES OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN EUROPE 431 XLIII. STATES OF SOUTHERN EUROPE 442 XLIV. EASTERN EUROPE 454 PART V UNITED STATES XLV. ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION, 1789 469 XLVI. INTERNAL TRADE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE, 1789 485 XLVII. COMMERCE AND POLICY, 1789-1815 498 XLVIII. NATIONAL EXPANSION, 1815-1860 511 XLIX. EXPORTS, 1815-1860 530 L. IMPORTS, POLICY, DIRECTION OF COMMERCE, 1815-1860 540 LI. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 1860-1914 552 LII. EXPORTS, 1860-1914 566 LIII. IMPORTS, POLICY, DIRECTION OF COMMERCE, 1860-1914 578 PART VI WORLD WAR LIV. COMMERCE AND THE WORLD WAR, 1914-1918 593 LV. UNITED KINGDOM, 1914-1920 607 LVI. FRANCE AND THE PROBLEM OF REPARATIONS 622 LVII. CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, 1914-1920 634