LVIII. UNITED STATES, 1914-1920 648 INDEX 671 LIST OF MAPS NO. PAGE 1. The Ancient World (colored) _Facing_ 9 2. Roman Roads in Southern Britain 28 3. Tolls on the River Loire 58 4. The Fairs of Champagne 66 5. Trade Routes between Asia and Europe 85 6. The Venetian Empire 91 7. Trade Routes between Germany and Italy 94 8. The Hanseatic Commercial Empire about 1400 106 9. Commercial Geography of Europe about 1250 108 10. Trade Relations of a German Merchant about 1400 114 11. A Medieval Map of the World _Facing_ 129 The Laurentian Portolano of 1351. _Reproduced by permission from Beazley’s “Prince Henry, the Navigator,” (Putnams)._ 12. Discoveries of the Portuguese 131 13. Map of the Known World in the Time of Columbus 132 14. European Powers in America (colored) Facing_ 166 15. The Spanish Monarchy 175 16. European Powers in the East about 1700 193 17. Spheres of Trade of English Companies in the Early Seventeenth Century 203 18. The French Colonial Empire 237 19. Germany in the Eighteenth Century 251 20. Italy, 1515 263 21. Waterways of North Central Europe 294 22. Growth of the European Railroads 298 23. The British Empire, 1902 (colored) _Facing_ 362 24. Development of the German Zollverein 403 25. The Trans-Siberian Railroad 463 26. North America in 1782 470 27. United States, Acquisition of Territory, 1783-1853 513 28. River Transportation in 1860 517 29. Canals of the United States _Facing_ 520 30. Railroads, 1830-1850 524 31. Railroads, 1850-1860 525 32. Products of the United States 568 33. Course of Steamship Lines in 1880 587 A HISTORY OF COMMERCE PART I.—ANCIENT COMMERCE CHAPTER I GENERAL CONDITIONS