III. THE DIVORCE OF LAND FROM LABOUR AS THE CAUSE OR PAUPERISM AND OF CRISES 186 IV. SISMONDI’S REFORM PROJECTS. HIS INFLUENCE UPON THE HISTORY OF DOCTRINES 192 CHAPTER II: SAINT-SIMON, THE SAINT-SIMONIANS, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF COLLECTIVISM (M. RIST) 198 I. SAINT-SIMON AND INDUSTRIALISM 202 II. THE SAINT-SIMONIANS AND THEIR CRITICISM OF PRIVATE PROPERTY 211 III. THE IMPORTANCE OF SAINT-SIMONISM IN THE HISTORY OF DOCTRINES 225 CHAPTER III: THE ASSOCIATIVE SOCIALISTS 231 I. ROBERT OWEN (M. GIDE) 235 1. THE CREATION OF THE MILIEU 237 2. THE ABOLITION OF PROFIT 239 II. CHARLES FOURIER (M. GIDE) 245 1. THE PHALANSTÈRE 246 2. INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION 248 3. BACK TO THE LAND 251 4. ATTRACTIVE LABOUR 252 III. LOUIS BLANC (M. RIST) 255 CHAPTER IV: FRIEDRICH LIST AND THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF POLITICAL ECONOMY (M. RIST) 264 I. LIST’S IDEAS IN RELATION TO THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN GERMANY 266 II. SOURCES OF LIST’S INSPIRATION. HIS INFLUENCE UPON SUBSEQUENT PROTECTIONIST DOCTRINES 277 III. LIST’S REAL ORIGINALITY 287 CHAPTER V: PROUDHON AND THE SOCIALISM OF 1848 (M. RIST) 290 I. CRITICISM OF PRIVATE PROPERTY AND SOCIALISM 291 II. THE REVOLUTION OF 1848 AND THE DISCREDIT OF SOCIALISM 300 III. THE EXCHANGE BANK THEORY 307 IV. PROUDHON’S INFLUENCE AFTER 1848 320 BOOK III: LIBERALISM CHAPTER I: THE OPTIMISTS (M. GIDE) 322 I. THE THEORY OF SERVICE-VALUE 332 II. THE LAW OF FREE UTILITY AND RENT 335 III. THE RELATION OF PROFITS TO WAGES 340 IV. THE SUBORDINATION OF PRODUCER TO CONSUMER 342 V. THE LAW OF SOLIDARITY 344 CHAPTER II: THE APOGEE AND DECLINE OF THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL. JOHN STUART MILL (M. GIDE) 348 I. THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS 354