A History of English VersificationSchipper, J. (Jakob)
History
A History of English Versification
Schipper, J. (Jakob)
English language -- Versification; English poetry -- History and criticism
_How should I praise thee, Lord! how should my rymes
Gladly engrave thy love in steel,
If what my soul doth feel sometimes,
My soul might ever feel!_
or on _a₄ b₃ a₄ b₅_ in Milton, _Psalm V_ (vol. iii, p. 24):
_Jehovah, to my words give ear,
My meditation weigh;
The voice of my complaining hear,
My king and God, for unto thee I pray._
Stanzas like these are very much in vogue, and may be composed of the
most varied forms of verse (cf. _Metrik_, ii; § 330).
§ =259.= Among the =five-lined stanzas= the first place must be given to
those in which the arrangement of rhymes is parallel, as these are found
in Middle English as well as in Modern English poetry. A stanza of form
_a a a₄ b₃ b₆_ occurs in Wright's _Spec. of Lyr. Poetry_, p. 60:
_Wynter wakeneþ al my care,
nou þis leues waxeþ bare;
ofte y sike ant mourne sare,
when hit cómeþ in my þóht,
óf this wórldes ióie, hóu hit geþ ál to nóht._
A similar structure (_a a a₄ b₃ b₅_) is shown in a stanza of a poem
quoted by Ritson, _Ancient Songs_, i. 129; the poem belongs to the
fifteenth century.
Still more numerous are these stanzas in Modern English; e.g. the form
_a a a₃ b b₅_ occurs in Herbert, _Sinne_ (p. 58), _a a a₃ b₄ b₃_ in
Shelley (iii. 244), _a a a b₄ b₅_ in Suckling (_Poets_, iii. 734); a
still more irregular structure (_a₄ a₅ b b₄ b₅_) in Cowley, _All for
love_ (Poets, v. 263):
_'Tis well, 'tis well with them, say I.
Whose short liv'd passions with themselves can die;
For none can be unhappy who,
'Midst all his ills, a time does know_
(_Though ne'er so long_) _when he shall not be so_.
Here again we meet with the stanzas mentioned above, which are partially
characterized by enclosing rhymes, e.g. corresponding to the formula _a
b b a_, as in M. Arnold, _On the Rhine_ (p. 223), or on the scheme _a a
b b₄ a₅_, as in Byron, _Oh! snatch'd away_, &c. (p. 123):
_Oh! snatch'd away in beauty's bloom,
On thee shall press no ponderous tomb;
But on thy turf shall roses rear
Their leaves, the earliest of the year;
And the wild cypress wave in tender gloom._
For other stanzas on the formulas _a a₅ b b₄ A₃_, _a₅ b b₄ a₅ a₄_, _a₃ b
b₂ a a₃_, &c., see _Metrik_ (ii, §§ 332, 333).
In others the chief part of the stanza shows crossed rhyme, as e.g. on
the scheme _a b a b₄ b₃_ in Poe, _To Helen_ (p. 205):
_Helen, thy beauty is to me
Like those Nicean barks of yore
That gently, o'er a perfumed sea,
The weary way-worn wanderer bore
To his own native shore._
Other stanzas take the forms _a₅ b₄ a₅ b₄ b₅_, _a₅ b₂ a₄ b₃ b₅_, _a₄ b₃
a₄ b₃ b₂_, &c. More uncommon are such forms as _a₃ b b₅ a₄ b₅, a b₅ b₃ a
b₅_, &c. (For specimens see _Metrik_, ii, § 334.)
Stanzas with crossed rhymes throughout, on the other hand, are very
frequent, as e.g. type _a b a b₄ a₃_ in R. Browning's _By the Fireside_
(iii. 170):
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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