_Pol._ 281D-E; cf. also _Phaedo_ 99A-B; _Phileb._ 27A; _Timaeus_ 46C-D. Footnote 114: _Sophist._ 219A-D. Bonar’s (_op. cit._, p. 20) criticism of this on the ground that learning may produce something new, while the arts may merely change the shape of things, takes Plato too seriously. We have here only a characteristic Platonic generalization. Cf. Shorey, _Unity of Plato’s Thought_ (1903), p. 64, n. 500, on the foregoing passages from _Sophist._ and _Pol._; cf. Robin, _op. cit._, pp. 231 f. Footnote 115: _Rep._ 371C. Footnote 116: _Laws_ 918B-C, especially πῶς γὰρ οὐκ εὐεργέτης πᾶς ὃς ἂν οὐσίαν χρημάτων ὡντινωνοῦν, ἀσύμμετρον οὔσαν καὶ ἀνώμαλον, ὁμαλήν τε καὶ σύμμετρον ἀπεργάζεται. Footnote 117: Cf. DuBois, _Precis de l’histoire des doctrines économiques dans leurs rapports avec les faits et avec les institutions_, pp. 45-47, comparing Plato and Aristotle on this point. _Laws_ 743D and Plato’s attitude on agriculture (cf. _infra_) might seem to point the other way. Cf. _infra_, p. 41, nn. 7-10. Espinas (_Revue des études Grecques_, XXVII [1914], 247, n. 1) is extreme in calling him a physiocrat. The term would more nearly apply to Aristotle. Footnote 118: Ar. (_Pol._ vi [iv]. 1291_a_12-19) so interprets him, because he finds the origin of the state in physical needs (_Rep._ 369C ff.), but this is a carping criticism. Blanqui is hardly fair to Plato on this point (_Histoire de l’économie politique en Europe_, p. 88). Cf. above, p. 22, n. 4, on Plato’s other theory of origins. Footnote 119: _Pol._ 279C. Footnote 120: Cf. _infra_ and Poehlmann, _op. cit._, I, 574. Footnote 121: As we shall see, the third reason has been exaggerated for the philosophers. On the favorable attitude to labor at Athens, cf. V. Brants, _Revue de l’instruction publique in Belg._, XXVI (1883), 108 f., 100 f.; he distinguishes between the _doctrine philosophique_ and the _doctrine politique_. So also Guiraud, _La main-d’œuvre industrielle dans l’ancienne Grèce_ (1900), pp. 36-50; Zimmern, _op. cit._, pp. 382 ff., 256-72. For the older view of general prejudice against free labor in Greece, cf. Drumann, _Arbeiter und Communisten in Griechenland u. Rom_ (1860), pp. 24 ff. Francotte (_L’Industrie_) takes the more conservative position. Cf. _infra_ for further notice of this problem. Footnote 122: Hesiod _Erga_; _Theog._ 969-975, though even here it is opposed to commerce. Footnote 123: _Laws_ 743D, but he would even limit this, so that it may not become a sordid occupation. Footnote 124: _Laws_ 760E-761C, 763D. Ruskin cites this in _Fors Clav._; cf. Vol. XXIX, 546. Footnote 125: Cf. pp. 19 f., and notes; cf. also p. 106, n. 1. The extensive commerce of Athens necessitated the presence of a comparatively large amount of money capital, and a large amount was also invested in slaves. For further notice, cf. _infra_, p. 68, nn. 8 ff., on the terms.