_Rep._ 370E-371A. In the _Laws_, he does not extend the principle to international trade. Cf. Bonar, _op. cit._, p. 17. Footnote 168: Poehlmann (_op. cit._, II, 185 f.) notes a contradiction between Plato’s insistence upon the division of labor and his desire for the simple life. But the philosopher is aware of this, and knows that the simpler ideal is impossible. Cf. V. Brants, _Revue de l’instr. pub. en Belg._, XXVI (1883), 102-4, on the fact of the extensive division of labor in Athenian industry. Footnote 169: δεμιουργοὺς ἐλευθερίας; _Rep._ 395C, 434A-D; cf. also 420B-421B. In the _Laws_, the artisans and traders are non-citizens (846D, 847A, 918B-C), not because of prejudice primarily, but for the sake of better government. Footnote 170: _Rep._ 374B-E. Footnote 171: 395A-B; cf. Adam’s note to 395A, explaining _Sympos._ 223D, where Plato asserts the opposite. He thinks Plato is speaking ideally in the _Republic_ passage, but here of the actual fact. But cf. Shorey, _Unity_, etc., p. 78, n. 597. Footnote 172: _Rep._ 433A-B, D, 434A-D, 432A, 443-444A, 396D-E; _Charm._ 161E. In his broad application of the law, he has advanced beyond Adam Smith. Cf. Souchon, _op. cit._, p. 81 and n. 2. Footnote 173: _Rep._ 397E-398A. Footnote 174: 443C-D; cf. Nettleship _Lectures on the Republic of Plato_, p. 71. Footnote 175: Oncken observes (_Geschichte der Nationalökonomie_, pp. 34-36) that while Smith drew from the law the idea of freedom of trade and industry, Plato inferred the strictest subordination of these to the will of the state, and that he also based the caste system on the principle. For the alleged caste system, cf. Souchon, _op. cit._, p. 82, and infra, under distribution. Aristotle’s state implies even a more rigid separation of the capable few. On Plato’s insight into economic principles, cf. Robin, _op. cit._, pp. 229 ff. He criticizes Guiraud for belittling the value of Plato’s social ideas, and urges that he should be judged, not by the worth of his proposed remedies, but by his scientific insight (p. 252). Footnote 176: _Rep._ 395A-B; 374E, 395B; εἰς σμικρότερα κατακερματίσθαι. Footnote 177: _Apol._ 21C-22E; cf. _Rep._ 495D-E, though it applies rather to the evil effects of the banausic life. Cf. Bonar, _op. cit._, p. 16. Ruskin (_Stones of Venice_, VI, 16 [Vol. X, 196]), says: It is “not the labor that is divided but the men—divided into segments of men.” It stunts their faculties. Footnote 178: _Rep._ 552A. Footnote 179: 396C-373E; cf. Bonar, _op. cit._, p. 27. Footnote 180: 579D. Footnote 181: Cf. Zimmern, _op. cit._, p. 389, note; _Laws_ 777B: δῆλον ὡς ἐπειδὴ δύσκολόν ἐστι τὸ θρέμμα ἄνθρωπος καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀναγκαίαν διόρισιν, τὸ δοῦλόν τε ἔργῳ διορίζεσθαι καὶ ἐλεύθερον καὶ δεσπότην οὐδαμῶς εὕχρηστον ἐθέλει εἶναι τε καὶ γίγνεσθαι. On his alleged caste system, cf. above, n. 2, and _infra_. Footnote 182: