A HISTORY OF LAND MAMMALS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE [Illustration] THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO [Illustration: FRONTISPIECE.—A Pleistocene tar-pool in southern California: †Giant Wolves (_Canis †dirus_) and †Sabre-tooth Tiger (_†Smilodon californicus_) on the carcass of an elephant (_Elephas †columbi_). The elephant is hairless, as may have been true of the southern race.] A HISTORY OF LAND MAMMALS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT PH.D. (Heidelberg), HON.D.SC. (Harvard & Oxford), LL.D. (Univ. of Pennsylvania) BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALÆONTOLOGY IN PRINCETON UNIVERSITY _ILLUSTRATED WITH 32 PLATES AND MORE THAN 100 DRAWINGS BY BRUCE HORSFALL_ New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1913 _All rights reserved_ COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 1913. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. Dedicated TO MY CLASSMATES HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN AND FRANCIS SPEIR IN MEMORY OF A NOTABLE SUMMER AFTERNOON IN 1876 AND IN TOKEN OF FORTY YEARS’ UNCLOUDED FRIENDSHIP Speak to the earth and it shall teach thee. —JOB, xii, 8. Can these bones live? —EZEKIEL, xxxvii, 3. PREFACE