THE GEOGRAPHICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAS IN CENOZOIC TIMES 99 CHAPTER VI THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MAMMALS 135 CHAPTER VII THE SUCCESSIVE MAMMALIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA 192 CHAPTER VIII HISTORY OF THE PERISSODACTYLA 288 CHAPTER IX HISTORY OF THE ARTIODACTYLA 358 CHAPTER X HISTORY OF THE PROBOSCIDEA 422 CHAPTER XI HISTORY OF THE †AMBLYPODA AND †CONDYLARTHRA 443 CHAPTER XII HISTORY OF THE †TOXODONTIA (OR †NOTOUNGULATA) 461 CHAPTER XIII HISTORY OF THE †LITOPTERNA AND †ASTRAPOTHERIA 489 CHAPTER XIV HISTORY OF THE CARNIVORA 516 CHAPTER XV HISTORY OF THE PRIMATES 577 CHAPTER XVI HISTORY OF THE EDENTATA 589 CHAPTER XVII HISTORY OF THE MARSUPIALIA 624 CHAPTER XVIII MODES OF MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION 645 GLOSSARY 665 INDEX 675 A HISTORY OF LAND MAMMALS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE CHAPTER I METHODS OF INVESTIGATION—GEOLOGICAL The term _Mammal_ has no exact equivalent in the true vernacular of any modern language, the word itself, like its equivalents, the French _Mammifère_ and the German _Säugethier_, being entirely artificial. As a name for the class Linnæus adopted the term Mammalia, which he formed from the Latin _mamma_ (_i.e._ teat) to designate those animals which suckle their young; hence the abbreviated form Mammal, which has been naturalized as an English word. “Beast,” as employed in the Bible, and “Quadruped” are not quite the same as mammal, for they do not include the marine forms, such as whales, dolphins, seals, walruses, or the flying bats, and they are habitually used in contradistinction to Man, though Man and all the forms mentioned are unquestionably mammals.