[67] MCLENNAN, _Patriarchal Theory_, 10-14, 275 ff., 282, 284, 294, criticises Maine's theory of adoption. Kohler's investigations show that adoption, artificial brotherhood, milk-kinship, and like institutions have widely prevailed and rendered important service. Adoption, he holds, may arise in different motives; sometimes being due to sexual communism, when it is a means of assigning the children to particular fathers; but very generally arising in the desire for descendants to perpetuate the family-worship: "Studien über die künstliche Verwandtschaft," _ZVR._, V, 415-40; see also for much important matter his various other writings in _ZVR._, III, 408-24, 393 ff. (India); VI, 190 (Chins), 345 (Indian Archipelago), 377-79 (China), 403 (Korea); VII, 218 ff. (Punjab); VIII, 100 (Rajputs), 109-12 (Dekkan), 243, 244 (Arabia). See also POST, _Familienrecht_, 25-42, for an interesting account; also MAYNE, _Hindu Law and Usage_, 60 ff., 77, 99-207; LEIST, _Alt-arisches Jus Gentium_, 103 ff., 115, 606; TORNAUW, "Das Erbrecht nach den Verordnungen des Islams," _ZVR._, V, 151; FRIEDRICHS, "Familienstufen und Eheformen," _ibid._, X, 237-45; STARCKE, _Primitive Family_, 146, 233; HUC, _Chinese Empire_, II, 226. [68] LEIST, _op. cit._, 103, 115, 504 ff. On the position of the house-mother _cf._ HEARN, _Aryan Household_, 86-91. [69] LEIST, _op. cit._, 122, 123, 126 ff., successfully combats the theory of KOHLER ("Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht," _ZVR._, III, 394), who declares that it is a cardinal principle of Indo-Germanic legal evolution that "die Vaterschaft beruht auf dem Rechte des Mannes am Weibe, kraft dessen dem Hausvater das Kind des Weibes zukomme, ebenso wie dem Eigenthümer des Feldes die Frucht." The same view is expressed by KOHLER in _Krit. Vjschr_, N. F., IV, 17, 18; and in "Vorislamitisches Recht," _ZVR._, VIII, 242. _Cf._ UNGER, _Die Ehe_, 11, 77; LIPPERT, _Geschichte der Familie_, 95 ff., 99, 158. [70] Although the married son possessed a hearth and was a free member of the _gens_, "his house did not become fully independent in religious and property matters till the death of the father and the final division of the property."--BOTSFORD, _Athenian Constitution_, 27, and the sources there cited. _Cf._ ZIMMER, _Altindisches Leben_, 326 ff.; LEIST, _Alt-arisches Jus Gentium_, 124. [71] MCLENNAN, _Patriarchal Theory_, chaps. xvi, xvii; LEIST, _op. cit._, 124, 504 ff. [72] LEIST, _op. cit._, 496-508; KOHLER, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht," _ZVR._, III, 424 ff.