[90] LEIST, _Graeco-italische Rechtsgeschichte_, 95, 96, also denies (against MARQUARDT, _Privatleben_, I, 22, 29) that the distinctive feature of the Roman family is dependent on the patriarchal authority, since the elements of agnation and paternal power are Aryan. BERNHÖFT, "Germanische und moderne Rechtsideen im rezipirten röm. Recht," _ZVR._, IV, 234, holds that Roman agnation does not depend upon blood-relationship, but upon power; and this was an Aryan characteristic; _idem_, _Röm. Königszeit_, 69 ff., 94, 201. McLennan's hypothesis is plausible, though not strongly supported by proof. _Cf._ STARCKE, _Primitive Family_, 101; WAKE, _Marriage and Kinship_, 384, 385. [91] Such are the isolated facts comprised in the early annals which seem to imply acknowledged kinship in the female line, even precedence of the latter; the fact that the status of slaves, illegitimate children, and the children of concubines was determined by the condition of the mother; the effects of marriage by _usus_; the supposed evidences of former wife-capture and wife-purchase, marking the transition to the agnatic system; the instances of wife-lending as by the elder Cato; and especially the plebeian element; for cognation, not agnation, prevailed among the plebeians, and possibly among them kinship was at first counted only through the mother; see DARGUN, _Mutterrecht und Raubehe_, 9-13, 14; _Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht_, 115; BERNHÖFT, "Zur Geschichte des europäischen Familienrechts," _ZVR._, VIII, 197-201; "Germanische und moderne Rechtsideen im rezipirten röm. Recht," _ibid._, IV, 227 ff.; _Staat und Recht der röm. Königszeit_, 192, 202-7; GIRAUD-TEULON, _Les origines du mariage_, 408-26; SOHM, _Institutes_, 360, 361, notes; KARLOWA, _Die Formen der röm. Ehe_, 1 ff.; MCLENNAN, _Patriarchal Theory_, 194 ff., 205 ff., 259 ff. [92] "Die Ehe des römischen Civilrechts (justum matrimonium) war eine formgebundene, durch und durch künstliche Institution."--DARGUN, _Mutterrecht und Raubehe_, 10. _Cf._ BERNHÖFT, _Staat und Recht der röm. Königszeit_, 196 ff. In the meantime, the patriarchal theory has had to reckon with a totally different view of the genesis and development of social institutions. To this view let us now turn. CHAPTER II THEORY OF THE HORDE AND MOTHER-RIGHT