France and England after 1830--Affairs of Portugal--Don Miguel--Don Pedro invades Portugal--Ferdinand of Spain--The Pragmatic Sanction--Death of Ferdinand: Regency of Christina--The Constitution--Quadruple Alliance--Miguel and Carlos expelled from Portugal--Carlos enters Spain--The Basque Provinces--Carlist War: Zumalacarregui--The Spanish Government seeks French assistance, which is refused--Constitution of 1837--End of the War--Regency of Espartero--Isabella Queen--Affairs of the Ottoman Empire--Ibrahim invades Syria; his victories--Rivalry of France and Russia at Constantinople--Peace of Kutaya and Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi--Effect of this Treaty--France and Mehemet Ali--Commerce of the Levant--Second War between Mehemet and the Porte--Ottoman disasters--The Policy of the Great Powers--Quadruple Treaty without France--Ibrahim expelled from Syria--Final Settlement--Turkey after 1840--Attempted reforms of Reschid Pasha CHAPTER XVIII. EUROPE BEFORE 1848. Europe during the Thirty-years' Peace--Italy and Austria--Mazzini--The House of Savoy--Gioberti--Election of Pius IX.--Reforms expected-- Revolution at Palermo--Agitation in Northern Italy--Lombardy--State of the Austrian Empire--Growth of Hungarian national spirit--The Magyars and Slavs--Transylvania--Parties among the Magyars--Kossuth--The Slavic national movements in Austria--The government enters on reforms in Hungary--Policy of the Opposition--The Rural system of Austria-- Insurrection in Galicia: the nobles and the peasants--Agrarian edict--Public opinion in Vienna--Prussia--Accession and character of King Frederick William IV.--Convocation of the United Diet--Its debates and dissolution--France--The Spanish Marriages--Reform movement--Socialism--Revolution of February--End of the Orleanist Monarchy END OF VOL. II. (ORIGINAL EDITION). CHAPTER XIX. THE MARCH REVOLUTION, 1848. Europe in 1789 and in 1848--Agitation in Western Germany before and after the Revolution at Paris--Austria and Hungary--The March Revolution at Vienna--Flight of Metternich--The Hungarian Diet--Hungary wins its independence--Bohemian movement--Autonomy promised to Bohemia-- Insurrection of Lombardy--Of Venice--Piedmont makes war on Austria--A general Italian war against Austria imminent--The March Days at Berlin--Frederick William IV.--A National Assembly promised-- Schleswig-Holstein--Insurrection in Holstein--War between Germany and Denmark--The German Ante-Parliament--Republican Rising in Baden--Meeting of the German National Assembly at Frankfort--Europe generally in March, 1848--The French Provisional Government--The National Workshops--The Government and the Red Republicans--French National Assembly--Riot of May 15--Measures against the National Workshops--The Four Days of June--Cavaignac--Louis Napoleon--He is elected to the Assembly--Elected President CHAPTER XX. THE PERIOD OF CONFLICT, DOWN TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND FRENCH EMPIRE.