Owing to the relation which subsists between P, B, and F or V, as the soft medial and aspirated pronunciation of the same letters, P and B, as well as F and V, in Latin, are the representatives or equivalents of the Greek F sound (φ and Ϝ,) and V also sometimes stands in the place of β. For example (1,) the Latin _fama_, _fero_, _fugio_, _vir_, &c., correspond to the Greek φημή, φέρω, φεύγω (Ϝ)Ἄρης. (2.) _Nebula_, _caput_, _albus_, _ambo_, to νεφέλη, κεφαλή, ἀλφός, ἄμφω. Similarly, _duonus_ and _duellum_ become _bonus_ and _bellum_; the transition being from _du_ to a sound like the English _w_, thence to _v_, and lastly to _b_. The old Latin _c_ was used as the representative of its corresponding medial G, as well as K; for example, magistratus, legiones, Carthaginienses were written on the Columna Rostrata, _leciones_, _macistratus_, _Cartacinienses_. The representative of the Greek κ was c; thus caput stands for κεφαλή: the sound _qu_ also, as might be expected, from its answering to the Greek koppa (Q,) and the Hebrew koph (‏ק‎,) had undoubtedly in the old Latin the same sound as C or K, and, therefore, quatio becomes, in composition, cutio; and quojus, quoi, quolonia, become, in classical Latin, _cujus_, _cui_, _colonia_. This pronunciation has descended to the modern French language, although it has become lost in the Italian. A passage from the “Aulularia”[68] of Plautus illustrates this assertion, and Quintilian[69] also bears testimony to the existence of the same pronunciation in the time of Cicero. The aspirate H is in Latin the representative of the Greek Χ, as, for example, _hiems_, _hortus_, and _humi_ correspond to χείμων, χόρτος, χάμαι, whilst the third Greek aspirated mute Θ becomes a tenuis in the mouths of the early Latins, as in _Cartaginienses_, and the _h_ sound was afterwards restored when Greek exercised an influence over the language as well as the literature of Rome. The absence of the _th_ sound in the old Latin is compensated for in a variety of ways; sometimes by an _f_, as fera, fores, for θήρ and θύρα. The interchanges which take place between the T and D, and the liquids L, N, R, can be accounted for on the grammatical principle,[70] which is so constantly exemplified in the literal changes of the Semitic languages, that letters articulated by the same organ are frequently put one for the other. Now D, T, L, N are all palatals, and in the pronunciation of R also some use is made of the palate. Hence we find a commutation of _r_ and _n_ in δωρον, _donum_; _æreus_, _æneus_; of _t_ and _l_ in θώρηξ and _lorica_; _d_ and _l_ in olfacio and odere facio, Ulysses and Οδυσσεύς; _r_ and _d_ in _auris_ and _audio_, _arfuise_, and _adfuisse_.