On the native grammatical literature see especially Wackernagel, Altindische Grammatik, vol. i. p. lix. sqq. The oldest grammar preserved is that of Panini, who, however, mentions no fewer than sixty-four predecessors. He belonged to the extreme north-west of India, and probably flourished about 300 B.C. His work consists of nearly 4000 sutras divided into eight chapters; text with German trans., ed. by Böhtlingk, Leipsic, 1887. Panini had before him a list of irregularly formed words, which survives, in a somewhat modified form, as the Unadi Sutra (ed. by Aufrecht, with Ujjvaladatta's comm., Bonn, 1859). There are also two appendixes to which Panini refers: one is the Dhatupatha, "List of Verbal Roots," containing some 2000 roots, of which only about 800 have been found in Sanskrit literature, and from which about fifty Vedic verbs are omitted; the second is the Ganapatha, or "List of Word-Groups," to which certain rules apply. These ganas were metrically arranged in the Ganaratna-mahodadhi, composed by Vardhamana in 1140 A.D. (ed. by Eggeling, London, 1879). Among the earliest attempts to explain Panini was the formulation of rules of interpretation or paribhashas; a collection of these was made in the last century by Nagojibhatta in his Paribhashenduçekhara (ed. by Kielhorn, Bombay Sansk. Ser., 1868 and 1871). Next we have the Varttikas or "Notes" of Katyayana (probably third century B.C.) on 1245 of Panini's rules, and, somewhat later, numerous grammatical Karikas or comments in metrical form: all this critical work was collected by Patanjali in his Mahabhashya or "Great Commentary," with supplementary comments of his own (ed. Kielhorn, 3 vols., Bombay). He deals with 1713 rules of Panini. He probably lived in the later half of the second century B.C., and in any case not later than the beginning of our era. The Mahabhashya was commented on in the seventh century by Bhartrihari in his Vakyapadiya (ed. in Benares Sansk. Ser.), which is concerned with the philosophy of grammar, and by Kaiyata (probably thirteenth century). About 650 A.D. was composed the first complete comm. on Panini, the Kaçika Vritti or "Benares Commentary," by Jayaditya and Vamana (2nd ed. Benares, 1898). In the fifteenth century Ramachandra, in his Prakriya-kaumudi, or "Moonlight of Method," endeavoured to make Panini's grammar easier by a more practical arrangement of its matter. Bhattoji's Siddhanta-kaumudi (seventeenth century) has a similar aim (ed. Nirnaya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1894); an abridgment of this work, the Laghu-kaumudi, by Varadaraja (ed. Ballantyne, with English trans., 4th ed., Benares, 1891), is commonly used as an introduction to the native system of grammar. Among non-Paninean grammarians may be mentioned Chandra (about 600 A.D.), the pseudo-Çakatayana (later than the Kaçika), and, the most important, Hemachandra (12th cent.), author of a Prakrit grammar (ed. and trans. by Pischel, two vols., Halle, 1877-80), and of the Unadigana Sutra (ed.