Kirste, Vienna, 1895). The Katantra of Çarvavarman (ed. Eggeling, Bibl. Ind.) seems to have been the most influential of the later grammars. Vararuchi's Prakrita-prakaça is a Prakrit grammar (ed. by Cowell, 2nd ed., 1868). The Mugdhabodha (13th cent.) of Vopadeva is the Sanskrit grammar chiefly used in Bengal. The Phit Sutra (later than Patanjali) gives rules for the accentuation of nouns (ed. Kielhorn, 1866); Hemachandra's Linganuçasana is a treatise on gender (ed. Franke, Göttingen, 1886). Among European grammars that of Whitney was the first to attempt a historical treatment of the Vedic and Sanskrit language. The first grammar treating Sanskrit from the comparative point of view is the excellent work of Wackernagel, of which, however, only the first part (phonology) has yet appeared. The present writer's abridgment (London, 1886) of Max Müller's Sanskrit Grammar is a practical work for the use of beginners of Classical Sanskrit. LEXICOGRAPHY. Zachariæ in Die indischen Wörterbücher (in Bühler's Encyclopædia, 1897) deals with the subject as a whole (complete bibliography). The Sanskrit dictionaries or koças are collections of rare words or significations for the use of poets. They are all versified; alphabetical order is entirely absent in the synonymous and only incipient in the homonymous class. The Amarakoça (ed. with Maheçvara's comm., Bombay), occupies the same dominant position in lexicography as Panini in grammar, not improbably composed about 500 A.D. A supplement to it is the Trikanda-çesha by Purushottamadeva (perhaps as late as 1300 A.D.). Çaçvata's Anekartha-samuchchaya (ed. Zachariæ, 1882) is possibly older than Amara. Halayudha's Abhidhanaratnamala dates from about 950 A.D. (ed. Aufrecht, London, 1861). About a century later is Yadavaprakaça's Vaijayanti (ed. Oppert, Madras, 1893). The Viçvaprakaça of Maheçvara Kavi dates from 1111 A.D. The Mankha-koça (ed. Zachariæ, Bombay, 1897) was composed in Kashmir about 1150 A.D. Hemachandra (1088-1172 A.D.) composed four dictionaries: Abhidhana-chintamani, synonyms (ed. Böhtlingk and Rieu, St. Petersburg, 1847); Anekartha-samgraha, homonyms (ed. Zachariæ, Vienna, 1893); Deçinamamala, a Prakrit dictionary (ed. Pischel, Bombay, 1880); and Nighantu-çesha, a botanical glossary, which forms a supplement to his synonymous koça. POETICS.