Cf. Sylvain Lévi, Théâtre Indien, pp. 1-21; Regnaud, La Rhétorique Sanskrite, Paris, 1884; Jacob, Notes on Alamkara Literature, in Journal of the Roy. As. Soc., 1897, 1898. The oldest and most important work on poetics is the Natya Çastra of Bharata, which probably goes back to the sixth century A.D. (ed. in Kavyamala, No. 42, Bombay, 1894; ed. by Grosset, Lyons, 1897). Dandin's Kavyadarça (end of sixth century) contains about 650 çlokas (ed. with trans. by Böhtlingk, Leipsic, 1890). Vamana's Kavyalamkaravritti, probably eighth century (ed. Cappeller, Jena, 1875). Çringara-tilaka, or "Ornament of Erotics," by Rudrabhata (ninth century), ed. by Pischel, Kiel, 1886 (cf. Journal of German Or. Soc., 1888, p. 296 ff., 425 ff.; Vienna Or. Journal, ii. p. 151 ff.). Rudrata Çatananda's Kavyalamkara (ed. in Kavyamala) belongs to the ninth century. Dhanamjaya's Daçarupa, on the ten kinds of drama, belongs to the tenth century (ed. Hall, 1865; with comm. Nirnaya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1897). The Kavyaprakaça by Mammata and Alata dates from about 1100 (ed. in the Pandit, 1897). The Sahityadarpana was composed in Eastern Bengal about 1450 A.D., by Viçvanatha Kaviraja (ed. J. Vidyasagara, Calcutta, 1895; trans. by Ballantyne in Bibl. Ind.). MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY. The only work dealing with this subject as a whole is Thibaut's Astronomie, Astrologie und Mathematik, in Bühler-Kielhorn's Encyclopædia, 1899 (full bibliography). See also Cantor, Geschichte der Mathematik, pp. 505-562, Leipsic, 1880. Mathematics are dealt with in special chapters of the works of the early Indian astronomers. In algebra they attained an eminence far exceeding anything ever achieved by the Greeks. The earliest works of scientific Indian astronomy (after about 300 A.D.) were four treatises called Siddhantas; only one, the Suryasiddhanta (ed. and trans. by Whitney, Journ. Am. Or. Soc., vol. vi.), has survived. The doctrines of such early works were reduced to a more concise and practical form by Aryabhata, born, as he tells us himself, at Pataliputra in 476 A.D. He maintained the rotation of the earth round its axis (a doctrine not unknown to the Greeks), and explained the cause of eclipses of the sun and moon. Mathematics are treated in the third section of his work, the Aryabhatiya (ed. with comm. by Kern, Leyden, 1874; math. section trans. by Rodet, Journal Asiatique, 1879). Varaha Mihira, born near Ujjain, began his calculations about 505 A.D., and, according to one of his commentators, died in 587 A.D. He composed four works, written for the most part in the Arya metre; three are astrological: the Brihat-samhita (ed. Kern, Bibl. Ind., 1864, 1865, trans. in Journ. As. Soc., vol. iv.; new ed. with comm. of Bhattotpala by S. Dvivedi, Benares, 1895-97), the Brihaj-jataka (or Hora-çastra, trans. by C. Jyer, Madras, 1885), and the Laghu-jataka (partly trans. by Weber, Ind. Stud., vol. ii., and by Jacobi, 1872). His Pancha-siddhantika (ed. and for the most part trans.