Napoleon I., 169. Napoleon III., 57, 178. New Christianity of Saint-Simon, 25. New Harmony, 66. New Lanark, 60. New Zealand, a democratic State, 349. Nicholas, Emperor, 63. Nihilism, the correct name for the early stage of the revolutionary movement in Russia, 257, etc. Orbiston, 96. Owen, Robert, founder of the association of all classes of all nations, 3; one of the historic founders of socialism, 4, etc.; the influences that conditioned his work, 19; life and theories, 59; doctrine of surplus value held in his school, 137; influence on Russian revolutionary movement, 259; desire for a ready-made socialism, 273. _Phalange_, 31, 33, 273. Plato, 16. Political economy, its relation to socialism, 14; historical and ethical conception of, promoted by socialism, 281; its relation to socialism again considered, 338, 339, 409-410. Progressist party in Germany, 79, 83, 208. Proletariat, the class excluded from land and capital and dependent on wage-labour, 8; brought into active historic contrast to the _bourgeoisie_, 41; its share in the risings at Paris, 1848, 50; its position conditioned by the development of capitalism, 139; and necessary to it, 141; its great _rôle_ in the final dissolution of capitalism, 148, etc.; its emancipation, the great aim of international socialism, 172; Marx the scientific expounder of the conditions of its existence and of its emancipation, 173, etc.; the Commune at Paris considered as a struggle for its deliverance, 189; how existing in Russia, 260; the democracy still mainly a proletariat, 357; Marx’s theory of its future development, 412. Proudhon, one of the leaders of the socialism of 1848, 42; life and theories, 51; theory of surplus value underlies his extravagances, 137; the founder of anarchism, 56, 237; his influence in the International, 183; his exposition of anarchism, 248. Ralahine, 67. Reybaud, 4. Rockefeller, 371, 376. Rodbertus, his general conception of socialism, 13; relation to Lassalle, 95, 96; life and theories, 123; relation to Lassalle and Marx, 137; too abstract and Prussian, 279. Roosevelt, his proposals for social reform, 399. Roscher, 5. Rousseau, 18. Russia, the development of socialistic opinion, 21; anarchism, 237; revolutionary opinion, 250, etc.; renewal of revolutionary activity, 325-327; its repression, 382-384.