After the downfall of Owenism began the Christian socialist movement in England (1848-52), of which the leaders were Maurice, Kingsley, and Mr. Ludlow. The abortive Chartist demonstration of April 1848 excited in Maurice and his friends the deepest sympathy with the sufferings of the English working class—a feeling which was intensified by the revelations regarding ‘London Labour and the London Poor’ published in the _Morning Chronicle_ in 1849. Mr. Ludlow, who had in France become acquainted with the theories of Fourier, was the economist of the movement, and it was with him that the idea originated of starting co-operative associations. In _Politics for the People_, in the _Christian Socialist_, in the pulpit and on the platform, and in _Yeast_ and _Alton Locke_, well-known novels of Kingsley, the representatives of the movement exposed the evils of the competitive system, carried on an unsparing warfare against the Manchester School, and maintained that socialism, rightly understood, was only Christianity applied to social reform. Their labours in insisting on ethical and spiritual principles as the true bonds of society, in promoting associations, and in diffusing a knowledge of co-operation, were largely beneficial. In the north of England they joined hands with the co-operative movement inaugurated by the Rochdale pioneers in 1844 under the influence of Owenism. Productive co-operation made very little progress, but co-operative distribution soon proved a great success. ----- [1] Of R. Owen’s numerous works in exposition of his system, the most important are the _New View of Society_; the _Report_ communicated to the Committee on the Poor Law; the _Book of the New Moral World_; and _Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race_. See _Life of Robert Owen written by himself_, London, 1857, and _Threading my Way, Twenty-seven Years of Autobiography_, by Robert Dale Owen, his son, London, 1874. There are also _Lives_ of Owen by A. J. Booth (London, 1869), W. L. Sargant (London, 1860), and F. Podmore (London, 1906). For works of a more general character see G. J. Holyoake, _History of Co-operation in England_, London, 1875; Adolf Held, _Zwei Bücher zur socialen Geschichte Englands_, Leipsic, 1881. CHAPTER V _FERDINAND LASSALLE_ I. Life In 1852 the twofold socialist movement in France and England had come to an end, leaving no visible result of any importance. From that date the most prominent leaders of socialism have been German and Russian.