Troubadouring became at last a pestilence no less mischievous than its successor knight-errantry, and its net was thrown more widely. Alfonso of Aragón led the way with a celebrated Provençal ballad, wherein he avers that "not snow, nor ice, nor summer, but God and love are the motives of my song": "_Mas al meu chan neus ni glatz No m'ajuda, n'estaz, Ni res, mas Dieus et amors._" Not every man could hope to be a knight; but all ranks and both sexes could—and did—sing of God and love. To emperors and princes must be added the lowlier figures of Berceo, in Spain, or—to go afield for the extremest case—the _Joculator Domini_, the inspired madman, Jacopone da Todi, in Italy. With the _juglar_ strolled the primitive actress, the _juglaresa_, mentioned in the _Libre del Apolonio_, and branded as "infamous" in Alfonso's code of _Las Siete Partidas_. At the court of Juan II., in the fifteenth century, the eccentric Garci Ferrandes of Jerena, a court poet, married a _juglaresa_, and lived to lament the consequences in a _cántica_ of the _Cancionero de Baena_ (No. 555). In northern Europe there flourished a tribe of jovial clerics called Goliards (after a mythical Pope Golias), who counted Catullus, Horace, and Ovid for their masters, and blent their anacreontics with blasphemy—as in the _Confessio Goliæ_, wrongly ascribed to our Walter Map. The repute of this gentry is chronicled in the _Canterbury Tales_: "_He was a jangler and a goliardeis, And that was of most sin and harlotries._" And the type, if not the name, existed in the Peninsula. So much might be inferred from the introduction and passage of a law forbidding the ordination of _juglares_; and, in the _Cancioneiro Portuguez da Vaticana_ (No. 931), Estevam da Guarda banters a _juglar_ who, taking orders in expectance of a prebend which he never received, was prevented by his holy estate from returning to his craft. But close at hand, in the person of Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita—the greatest name in early Castilian literature—is your Spanish Goliard incarnate. The prosperity of _trovador_ and _juglar_ could not endure. First of foreign _trovadores_ to reach Spain, the Gascon Marcabru treats Alfonso VII. (1126-57) almost as an equal. Raimbaud de Vaquerias, in what must be among the earliest copies of Spanish verse (not without a Galician savour), holds his head no less high; and the apotheosis of the _juglar_ is witnessed by Vidal de Besalu at the court of Alfonso VIII. (1158-1214). "_Unas novas vos vuelh comtar Que auzi dir a un joglar En la cort del pus savi rei Que anc fos de neguna lei._"