The first edition of this work contained the antique feature of a dedication. I hesitate to repeat this formally, yet I might mention that the names I associated in 1898 with my treatise on the Colonization of Africa were those of SIR GEORGE TAUBMAN GOLDIE (Nigeria); VISCOUNT KITCHENER OF KHARTŪM (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan); MONSIEUR RENÉ MILLET (formerly French Resident-General in Tunis), “who has shown how well a Frenchman can administer a great dependency when allowed liberty of action”; and MAJOR HERMANN VON WISSMANN (formerly German Imperial Commissioner in Africa), “who founded the State of German East Africa, and who has done more than any living German to establish and uphold the prestige of that great nation in the darkest parts of the Dark Continent”. I still think that under the guise of a dedication I chose notable instances of strong and wise men doing good work in Africa, not only for the colonizing nations, but equally for the subject peoples of backward race. Their work in its importance has stood the test of time. What Mons. Millet did in Tunis has been—or should be—made the model of an administration under which France may succeed in regenerating Morocco. It is tempting to add other great names to this list, but if, for example, one inserts that of CECIL RHODES, then in common justice one must mention DAVID LIVINGSTONE, JOHN KIRK, H. M. STANLEY, JOSEPH THOMSON, FREDERICK LUGARD, GEORGE GRENFELL, E. N. ROUME, and FRANZ STUHLMANN, and many others who have brought about the recent opening-up of Africa by the white man. H. H. JOHNSTON. POLING, _December, 1912_. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PREHISTORIC RACE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA The origin of African man—Principal Negro types—The Bushman—Negroids (Fula, Songhai, Tibu, Hausa)—The Mystery of the Zimbabwe ruins of Rhodesia—Probable distribution of native races ten thousand years ago—The Dynastic Egyptians—The early Semites—The Hamites—The Malay Colonization of Madagascar 1 CHAPTER II THE MEDITERRANEAN COLONIZATION OF AFRICA The Phoenicians and their foundation of Sidonian and Tyrian cities along the north coast of Africa—Carthage—Hanno’s voyage to West Africa—The Greeks in Cyrenaica—In Egypt, Abyssinia, East Africa—The Romans in Egypt—In North Africa and the Sahara—Christian Abyssinia 32 CHAPTER III THE ARAB CONQUEST OF AFRICA