The condition of North Africa in the 6th and 7th centuries of the Christian era before the Arab invasion—Muhammad and Muhammadanism—Arabs invade Egypt—The Khariji sect—Arabs invade North Africa—Spain, Morocco, and the Berbers—The Jews and their relations with North Africa—The Fatimite Khalifs—The “Hilalian” invasion—The Almoravides—The Almohades—St Louis—The death of Dom Sebastião—The Sharifian dynasties of Morocco—The Turks in Africa—Arab Egypt—Turkish Egypt—The Arabs of East Africa—Arab influence on Africa 52 CHAPTER IV THE PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA Origin of the State of Portugal—Prince Henry the Navigator—Portuguese explorations of West African coast—Diogo Cam and the Congo—Rounding of Cape of Good Hope—East African conquests—Portuguese in Abyssinia—in the Congo Kingdom—in Angola—Paulo Diaz—The benefits the Portuguese conferred on Africa—Their struggles with the Dutch—Progress of their rule in West Africa—in East Africa—Monomotapa—Dr Lacerda e Almeida—Livingstone’s journeys—Present state of Moçambique—Delagoa Bay—Beira—Mouzinho de Albuquerque—Moçambique Company—The future of the Portuguese Colonies 76 CHAPTER V SPANISH AFRICA The Canary Islands—Spain invades Morocco in 1490—Algeria and Tunis nearly conquered in 16th century—Spanish sphere in North Morocco—Rio de Oro—Fernando Pô and Rio Muni 116 CHAPTER VI THE DUTCH IN AFRICA Dutch traders on the Gold Coast—Dutch settle at the Cape of Good Hope—St Helena—Mauritius—The Netherland East India Co.—Huguenot colonists—Governor Tulbagh—extensions of Dutch influence—First hostile British expedition under Commodore Johnstone—First Dutch war with the Kafirs—First British occupation of the Cape of Good Hope—Interregnum of Dutch rule—British finally annex Cape Colony—Their rulers come into conflict with the sentiments of the Dutch colonists (Boers)—The Boer Treks—Origin of Transvaal and Orange Free State republics—Annexation and revolt of Transvaal—Sir Charles Warren’s expedition—Gold in the Transvaal—Jews in South Africa—Johannesburg, the Outlanders, and Jameson’s raid—The war of 1899-1902—Union of South Africa 123 CHAPTER VII THE SLAVE TRADE