The work of Cambier and Storms—Comité d’Études du Haut Congo—H. M. Stanley founds the Congo Independent State—its subsequent history—Long struggle with the Arabs—Captain Hinde—Baron Dhanis—Rumoured atrocities—Katanga—Extension to the White Nile—Murder of Mr Stokes—Railway to Stanley Pool—Denunciation of King Leopold’s maladministration by E. D. Morel—Congo Reform movement—Belgian annexation of Congo State 342 CHAPTER XIV THE BRITISH IN AFRICA, III (_Egypt and Eastern Africa_) England wrests Egypt from the French—Rise of Muhammad Ali—Suez Canal—Arabi’s rebellion—Tel-el-Kebir—Mahdi’s revolt—Gordon’s death—Lord Cromer—Lord Kitchener and the reconquest of the Sudan—Fashoda—Egypt in the 20th century—Nationalism—Development of the Sudan—Sudd-cutting—Aden and Somaliland—The ‘mad’ Mullah—Zanzibar—Sir John Kirk—Kilima-njaro—British East African Company—Sir Frederick Lugard and Uganda—Sir Gerald Portal—The Sudanese mutiny in Uganda—The Special Commission—Sleeping Sickness—Zanzibar Government—Dissolution of British East Africa Company—Mubarak’s rising—Ogadein Somalis—Big Game—‘White’ East Africa 359 CHAPTER XV THE ITALIANS IN AFRICA Italian commercial intercourse with North Africa during Crusades and Renaissance—The Popes and geographical research—Italy in Tunis and Tripoli—Assab Bay—Abyssinia—Eritrea—Italian reverse at Adua—Italy in Somaliland—The Italian invasion and annexation of the Tripolitaine 390 CHAPTER XVI GERMAN AFRICA The Brandenburg traders and the West Coast—German aspirations after colonies in the forties and sixties of the 19th century—German missionaries in South-West Africa—Herr Lüderitz—Angra Pequena—British indecision—German South-West Africa Protectorate founded—Germany in the Cameroons—in East Africa—Anglo-German partition of the Sultan of Zanzibar’s dominions—Rising against German rule in East Africa—Germany in the Cameroons—Hottentot and Damara rebellions in South-West Africa—Prospects of German South-West Africa—Togoland 403 CHAPTER XVII THE FRENCH IN MADAGASCAR