Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, A. D. 1663, 19; Worcester's Steam Pumping-Engines, 21; Jean Hautefeuille's Alcohol and Gunpowder Engines, A. D. 1678, 24; Huyghens's Gunpowder-Engine, A. D. 1680, 25; Invention in Great Britain, 26; Sir Samuel Morland, A. D. 1683, 27; Thomas Savery and his Engine, A. D. 1698, 31; Desaguliers's Savery Engines, A. D. 1718, 41; Denys Papin and his Work, A. D. 1675, 45; Papin's Engines, A. D. 1685-1695, 50; Papin's Steam-Boilers, 51. CHAPTER II. THE STEAM-ENGINE AS A TRAIN OF MECHANISM. THE MODERN TYPE AS DEVELOPED BY NEWCOMEN, BEIGHTON, AND SMEATON 55 Defects of the Savery Engine, 55; Thomas Newcomen, A. D. 1705, 57; the Newcomen Steam Pumping-Engine, 59; Advantages of Newcomen's Engine, 60; Potter's and Beighton's Improvements, A. D. 1713-'18, 61; Smeaton's Newcomen Engines, A. D. 1775, 64; Operation of the Newcomen Engine, 65; Power and Economy of the Engine, 69; Introduction of the Newcomen Engine, 70. CHAPTER III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN STEAM-ENGINE. JAMES WATT AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES. SECTION I.--JAMES WATT AND HIS INVENTIONS 79 James Watt, his Birth and Parentage, 79; his Standing in School, 81; he learns his Trade in London, 81; Return to Scotland and Settlement in Glasgow, 82; the Newcomen Engine Model, 83; Discovery of Latent Heat, 84; Sources of Loss in the Newcomen Engine, 85; Facts experimentally determined by Watt, 86; Invention of the Separate Condenser, 87; the Steam-Jacket and other Improvements, 90; Connection with Dr. Roebuck, 91; Watt meets Boulton, 93; Matthew Boulton, 93; Boulton's Establishment at Soho, 95; the Partnership of Boulton and Watt, 97; the Kinneil Engine, 97; Watt's Patent of 1769, 98; Work of Boulton and Watt, 101; the Rotative Engine, 103; the Patent of 1781, 104; the Expansion of Steam--its Economy, 105; the Double-Acting Engine, 110; the "Compound" Engine, 110; the Steam-Hammer, 111; Parallel Motions, the Counter, 112; the Throttle-Valve and Governor, 114; Steam, Vacuum, and Water Gauges, 116; Boulton & Watt's Mill-Engine, 118; the Albion Mill and its Engine, 119; the Steam-Engine Indicator, 123; Watt in Social Life, 125; Discovery of the Composition of Water, 126; Death of James Watt, 128; Memorials and Souvenirs, 128. SECTION II.--THE CONTEMPORARIES OF JAMES WATT 132 William Murdoch and his Work, 132; Invention of Gas-Lighting, 134; Jonathan Hornblower and the Compound Engine, 135; Causes of the Failure of Hornblower, 137; William Bull and Richard Trevithick, 138; Edward Cartwright and his Engine, 140. CHAPTER IV. THE MODERN STEAM-ENGINE. THE SECOND PERIOD OF APPLICATION--1800-1850--STEAM-LOCOMOTION ON RAILROADS 144