Quaker and Dry-goods Salesman.--Supposed Profitableness of Lying.--Plea for "Lies of Necessity."--Lying not Justifiable between Enemies in War-time.--Rightfulness of Concealing Movements and Plans from Enemy.--Responsibility with Flag of Truce.--Difference between Scout and Spy.--Ethical Distinctions Recognized by Belligerents.--Illustration: Federal Prisoner Questioned by Confederate Captors.--Libby Prison Experiences.--Physicians and Patients.--Concealment not Necessarily Deception.--Loss of Reputation for Truthfulness by Lying Physicians.--Loss of Power Thereby.--Impolicy of Lying to Insane.--Dr. Kirkbride's Testimony.--Life not Worth Saving by Lie.--Concealing One's Condition from Robber in Bedroom.--Questions of Would-be Murderer.--"Do Right though the Heavens Fall."--Duty to God not to be Counted out of Problem.--Deserting God's Service by Lying.--Parting Prayer. VI. CENTURIES OF DISCUSSION. Wide Differences of Opinion.--Views of Talmudists.--Hamburger's Testimony.--Strictness in Principle.--Exceptions in Practice.--Isaac Abohab's Testimony.--Christian Fathers not Agreed.--Martyrdom Price of Truthtelling.--Justin Martyr's Testimony.--Temptations of Early Christians.--Words of Shepherd of Hermas.--Tertullian's Estimate.--Origen on False Speaking.--Peter and Paul at Antioch.-- Gregory of Nyssa and Basil the Great.--Deceit in Interests of Harmony.--Chrysostom's Deception of Basil.--Chrysostom's Defense of Deceit.--Augustine's Firmness of Position.--Condemnation of Lying.--Examination of Excuses.--Jerome's Weakness and Error.--Final Agreement with Augustine.--Repetition of Arguments of Augustine and Chrysostom.--Representative Disputants.--Thomas Aquinas.--Masterly Discussion.--Errors of Duns Scotus.--John Calvin.--Martin Luther.-- Ignatius Loyola.--Position of Jesuits.--Protestants Defending Lying. --Jeremy Taylor.--Errors and Inconsistencies.--Wrong Definitions.-- Misapplication of Scripture.--Richard Rothe.--Character, Ability, and Influence. in Definition of Lie.--Failure to Recognize.--Error Love to God as Only Basis of Love to Man.--Exceptions in Favor of Lying.--Nitzsch's Claim of Wiser and Nobler Methods than Lying in Love.--Rothe's Claim of Responsibility of Loving Guardianship--No Countenance of Deception in Example of Jesus.--Prime Error of Rothe. --Opinions of Contemporary Critics.--Isaac Augustus Dorner.-- Character and Principles.--Keen Definitions.--High Standards.-- Clearness and Consistency.--Hans Lassen Martensen.--Logic Swayed by Feeling.--Right Premises and Wavering Reasonings.--Lofty Ideals.-- Story of Jeanie Deans.--Correct Conclusions.--Influence of Personal Peculiarities on Ethical Convictions.--Contrast of Charles Hodge and James H. Thornwell.--Dr. Hodge's Correct Premises and Amiable Inconsistencies.--Truth the Substratum of Deity.--Misconceptions of Bible Teachings.--Suggestion of Deception by Jesus Christ.--Error as to General Opinion of Christians.--Dr. Hodge's Conclusions Crushed by his Premises.--Dr.