Thornwell's Thorough Treatment of Subject.-- Right Basis.--Sound Argument.--Correct Definitions.--Firmness for Truth.--Newman Smyth's Manual.--Good Beginning and Bad Ending.-- Confusion of Terms.--Inconsistencies in Argument.--Loose Reasoning. --Dangerous Teachings.--James Martineau.--Fine Moral Sense.--Conflict between Feeling and Conviction.--Safe Instincts.--Thomas Fowler.-- Higher Expediency of Veracity.--Importance to General Good.--Leslie Stephen.--Duty of Veracity Result of Moral Progress.--Kant and Fichte.--Jacobi Misrepresented.--False Assumptions by Advocates of Lie of Necessity.--Enemies in Warfare not Justified in Lying.--Testimony of Cicero.--Macaulay on Lord Clive's Treachery.--Woolsey on International Law.--No Place for Lying in Medical Ethics.--Opinions and Experiences of Physicians.--Pliny's Story of Roman Matron.--Victor Hugo's Sister Simplice.--Words of Abbé Sicard.--Tact and Principle.--Legal Ethics.--Whewell's View.--Opinion of Chief-Justice Sharswood.--Mistakes of Dr. Hodge.--Lord Brougham's Claim.--False Charge against Charles Phillips.--Chancellor Kent on Moral Obligations in Law and in Equity.--Clerical Profession Chiefly Involved.--Clergymen for and against Lying.--Temptation to Lies of Love.--Supreme Importance of Sound Principle.--Duty of Veracity to Lower Animals.--Dr. Dabney's View.--Views of Dr. Newman Smyth.--Duty of Truthfulness an Obligation toward God.--Lower Animals not Exempt from Principle of Universal Application.--Fishing.--Hunting.--Catching Horse.--Professor Bowne's Psychological View.--No Place for Lying in God's Universe.--Small Improvement on Chrysostom's Argument for Lying.--Limits of Consistency in Logical Plea.--God, or Satan. VII. THE GIST OF THE MATTER. One All-Dividing Line.--Primal and Eternal Difference.--Lie Inevitably Hostile to God.--Lying Separates from God.--Sin _per se_.--Perjury Justifiable if Lying be Justifiable.--Lying--Lying Defiles Liar, apart from Questions of Gain in Lying.--Social Evils Resultant from Lying.--Confidence Essential to Society.--Lying Destructive of Confidence.--Lie Never Harmless. INDEXES. TOPICAL INDEX. SCRIPTURAL INDEX. I. A QUESTION OF THE AGES. Whether a lie is ever justifiable, is a question that has been in discussion, not only in all the Christian centuries, but ever since questions concerning human conduct were first a possibility. On the one hand, it has been claimed that a lie is by its very nature irreconcilable with the eternal principles of justice and right; and, on the other hand, it has been asserted that great emergencies may necessitate a departure from all ordinary rules of human conduct, and that therefore there may be, in an emergency, such a thing as the "lie of necessity."