=Columbia University=, New York. Originally King's College, chartered, 1754; Columbia College, 1784; University, 1896. =Concepcion=, town, Chili. 36S. 73W. F. by Valdivia, 1550. (See account of earthquake, Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.') =Concord=, Mass. 42N. 71W. First battle fought during W. of Ind. was at Lexington (six miles off) and Concord, 1775 (see Emerson's hymn to the 'embattled' farmers). Sleepy Hollow and Walden Pond are both near. Res. and burial-place of Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, who was also born here (1817-62); Hawthorne wrote his 'Mosses from an Old Manse' in Emerson's house; other literary names are ass. this place, which has been called the American Weimar. =Conestoga=, Pennsylvania. Indians at massacred by the 'Paxton boys,' 1763. (Parkman, 'Pontiac,' op. cit.) =Connecticut=, U.S. 41N. 72W. One of the thirteen original North-American states; discovered by Dutch, 1613; Dutch in possession of valley till 1635-6, when English settled in; war with the Pequods, 1636; Windsor settled, 1637; charter granted to by Charles II. (1662) secreted in 'Charter Oak' to preserve it from James II.'s envoy, 1687-8; became independent, 1776. =Contreras=, Mexico. 19N. 99W. American victory over Mexicans under Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.). =Copan=, on river of name, Honduras. 14N. 89W. Gigantic remains of ancient temple and pyramids. =Cordoba=, cap. province, Argentina. 31S. 63W. F. by Jerome Cabrera, 1573. =Corinth=, Mississippi. 35N. 88W. Confederates forced to evacuate, 1862; later the same year they were defeated in the battle of Oct. 3-4. =Coronation Gulf=, Arctic Ocean. 68N. 110-116W. Reached by Sir J. Franklin, 1821. =Corrientes=, Argentina. 38S. 57W. Three days' naval fight between Garibaldi, on behalf of the Montevideans, and Admiral Brown, commander of Rosas' fleet, 1846. =Costa Rica=, Republic of, Cent. A. 10N. 84W. East coast discovered by Columbus, 1502; west coast reached by Espinoza about 1514; early Spanish colonies, and final conquest of country by Coronado, 1561-5; Indians rise along the Atlantic coast and win their independence, 1709; independent state since 1821; part of Confederation of Cent. A., 1824-9; constitution promulgated, 1870. =Cotopaxi=, volcano, Ecuador, 0S. 78W. The earliest recorded eruption took place during Pizarro's invasion; the first complete ascent was made by Dr. Reiss, 1872. =Cowpens=, near Spartanburg, S. Carolina. 34N. 81W. English under Tarleton defeated by Morgan. 1781 (W. of Ind.). =Cozumel=, island, Yucatan. 20N. 87W. Cortés and his forces land on, 1519. =Crampton's Gap=, near Barkittsville, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Battle of South Mountain fought at, 1862 (Civil W.). =Crosskeys=, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Indecisive action between 'Stonewall' Jackson and the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).