=Cholula=, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Famous pyramid at, four times the size of the pyramid of Cheops; massacre of the Cholulans by Cortés, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.) =Chonos Islands=, S.A. 44S. 74W. Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle'). =Chrysler's Field=, Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence. 44N. 75W. Fierce but indecisive action, 1813. =Chupas=, Peru. 12S. 75W. Defeat of the Spaniards under Almagro by Vaca de Castro, commissioner sent out by Spanish Government, 1542. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.) =Chuquisaca= (now Sucre), cap. of Bolivia. 19S. 64W. F. by one of Pizarro's followers, 1529; independence of Bolivia proclaimed at, 1825; said to be oldest university in S. America. =Churubusco=, near Mexico. 19N. 99W. Santa Anna defeated by Americans, 1847 (Mex. W.). =Cincinnati=, city, Ohio. 39N. 84W. Block-house erected by Ensign Luce, 1788, and first known as Losantiville. =Ciudad Bolivar=, see Angostura. =Clarksburg=, Harrison Co., W. Virginia. Bp. Thomas Jonathan Jackson ('Stonewall' Jackson), Confederate general (1824), killed at Chancellorsville, 1863. =Cleveland=, Ohio. 41N. 81W. Named in honour of its founder, 1796. =Coaque=, Peru. 0. 77W. Taken by Pizarro, 1531. =Cod, Cape=, Mass. 42N. 70W. Discovered by Gosnold, who so named it, 1602; Champlain off during his second expedition to Canada, 1604-7, and called by him Cape Fortune; explored by John Smith, 1614; first land sighted by Pilgrim Fathers. =Cold Harbour=, near Richmond, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Sanguinary and indecisive battle between Grant and Lee, 1864 (Civil W.). (See under Richmond for former battle, 1862.) =Colombia=, S.A. 3N. 75W. Coasts, etc., explored by Columbus (from whom the present name derived), and earlier and later navigators, 15th-16th centuries; named New Granada by Quesada, conqueror of Bogota, 1538; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; independence established after Bolivar's victory at Boyaca, 1819; Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew from confederation, 1830; name changed to 'United States of Colombia,' 1861; constant revolutions. =Colorado=, U.S. 39N. 105W. Explored by Vasquez de Coronado, 1540; Pike's Peak discovered by mountaineer of that name, 1806; Frémont in, during his expedition over the Rocky Mountains, 1842-4; organised as a territory, 1861; sided with Federals in Civil W.; admitted to Union, 1876. =Colorado River=, Colorado, N. America. 34N. 114W. Discovered by Hernando Alarçon on his expedition to California, 1540; explored last century by Yves, White, and Powell. =Columbia=, Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Battle of Duck Run, and earlier encounter, 1862 (Civil W.). =Columbia=, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. Taken and burnt by Gen. Sherman, 1865 (Civil W.). =Columbia=, river, Oregon. 46N. 124W. Discovered by Capt. Grey, 1792; the same year Lieut. Broughton, under directions from Vancouver, sailed up; later explorations by Lewis and Clarke, 1805; navigation of granted to England by treaty, 1846.