Chronological classification of Pleistocene formations, why difficult--Freshwater deposits in valley of Thames--In Norfolk cliffs--In Patagonia--Comparative longevity of species in the mammalia and testacea--Fluvio-marine crag of Norwich--Newer Pliocene strata of Sicily--Limestone of great thickness and elevation--Alternation of marine and volcanic formations--Proofs of slow accumulation--Great geographical changes in Sicily since the living fauna and flora began to exist--Osseous breccias and cavern deposits--Sicily--Kirkdale--Origin of stalactite--Australian cave-breccias--Geographical relationship of the provinces of living vertebrata and those of the fossil species of the Pliocene periods--Extinct struthious birds of New Zealand--Teeth of fossil quadrupeds 146 CHAPTER XIV. OLDER PLIOCENE AND MIOCENE FORMATIONS. Strata of Suffolk termed Red and Coralline crag--Fossils, and proportion of recent species--Depth of sea and climate--Reference of Suffolk crag to the older Pliocene period--Migration of many species of shells southwards during the glacial period--Fossil whales--Subapennine beds--Asti, Sienna, Rome--Miocene formations--Faluns of Touraine--Depth of sea and littoral character of fauna--Tropical climate implied by the testacea--Proportion of recent species of shells--Faluns more ancient than the Suffolk crag--Miocene strata of Bordeaux and Piedmont--Molasse of Switzerland--Tertiary strata of Lisbon--Older Pliocene and Miocene formations in the United States--Sewalik Hills in India 161 CHAPTER XV. UPPER EOCENE FORMATIONS. Eocene areas in England and France--Tabular view of French Eocene strata--Upper Eocene group of the Paris basin--Same beds in Belgium and at Berlin--Mayence tertiary strata--Freshwater upper Eocene of Central France--Series of geographical changes since the land emerged in Auvergne--Mineral character an uncertain test of age--Marls containing Cypris--Oolite of Eocene period--Indusial limestone and its origin--Fossil mammalia of the upper Eocene strata in Auvergne--Freshwater strata of the Cantal, calcareous and siliceous--Its resemblance to chalk--Proofs of gradual deposition of strata 174 CHAPTER XVI. EOCENE FORMATIONS--_continued_.