3-3. Amputation at Shoulder-joint by triangular flap from deltoid--3d method. 4-5. Amputation through Tarsus--Chopart's. 6-7. Amputation at Knee-joint. 8. Amputation by Single Flap--Carden's, and Pl. IV. 16. 9-10. Amputation of Thigh--Teale's. A. Excision of Hip-joint. B-B. Excision of Ankle-joint--Hancock's incisions. [Illustration] PLATE III. 1. Ligature of Popliteal. 2. Amputation at Elbow-joint--posterior flap. 3. Amputation at Shoulder-joint--posterior incision of first method, and Pl. I. 13. 4. Amputation at Ankle-joint--Mackenzie's, and Pl. I. 14. 5. Amputation through Condyles of Femur--Syme, and Pl. I. 19. 6. Amputation at lower third of Thigh--Syme, and Pl. I. 20. 7. Amputation at Knee--posterior incision. 8. Amputation of Thigh--Spence's, and at Pl. IV. 18. 9. Amputation at Hip-joint, and Pl. IV. 20. A. Excision of Shoulder-joint--deltoid flap. B. Excision of Shoulder-joint by posterior incision. C. Excision of Elbow-joint--H-shaped incision. D. Excision of Elbow-joint--linear incision. E. Excision of Hip-joint--Gross's. F. Excision of Os Calcis. G. Excision of Scapula. [Illustration] PLATE IV. 1. Ligature of Carotid. 2. Ligature of Subclavian (3d stage)--Skey's incision. 3. Amputation at Wrist-joint--dorsal incision. 4. Amputation at Wrist-joint--palmar incision. 5. Amputation at Fore-arm--dorsal incision. 6. Amputation at Fore-arm--palmar incision. 7. Amputation at Elbow-joint--Anterior flap, and Pl. III. 3. 8. Amputation at Arm--Teale's method. 9. Amputation at Shoulder-joint--1st method, and Pl. III. 3. 10-11. Amputation of Metatarsus--Hey's. 12-13. Amputation at Ankle--Syme's. 14-15. Amputation of Leg--posterior flap--Lee's. 16. Amputation at Knee-joint--Carden's, and Pl. II. 8. 17. Amputation of Thigh--B. Bell's. 18. Amputation of Thigh--Spence's, and Pl. III. 8. 19. Amputation of Thigh in middle third. 20-20. Amputation at Hip-joint, and Pl. III. 9. A. Excision of Wrist--radial incision. B. Excision of Wrist--ulnar incision. CHAPTER I. LIGATURE OF ARTERIES. LIGATURE OF ARTERIES.--In a work of this nature there is no room for any discussion of the principles which should guide us in the selection of cases, or of the pathology of aneurism, or the local effects of the ligature on the vessels. One or two fundamental axioms may be given in a few words:-- 1. In selecting the spot for the application of the ligature, avoid as far as possible bifurcations, or the neighbourhood of large collateral branches. 2. A free incision should be made through the skin and subjacent textures, till the sheath of the artery is reached and fairly exposed. 3. The sheath must be opened and the artery cleaned with a sharp knife till the white external coat is clearly seen. The portion cleaned should, however, be as small as possible, consistent with thorough exposure, so that the ligature may be passed round the vessel without force.