The Germanic Constitution -- The Hungarian War -- The Emperor Joseph -- Accession of Maria Theresa -- She institutes Reforms -- Successors of Peter the Great -- Murder of Peter III. -- Assassination, of Ivan -- Death of Catharine -- Her Character. CHAPTER XXV. CALAMITIES OF POLAND. (pp. 402-408.) The Crown of Poland made elective -- Election of Henry, Duke of Anjou -- Sobieski assists the Emperor Leopold -- The Liberum Veto -- The Fall of Poland. CHAPTER XXVI. THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. (pp. 409-415.) Saracenic Empire -- Rise of the Turks -- Turkish Conquerors -- Progress of the Turks -- Decline of Turkish Power -- Turkish Institutions -- Turkish Character. CHAPTER XXVII. REIGN OF GEORGE III. TO ADMINISTRATION OF WILLIAM PITT. (pp. 416-431.) Military Successes in America -- Prosecution of Wilkes -- Churchill -- Grafton's Administration -- Popularity of Wilkes -- Taxation of the Colonies -- Indignation of the Colonies -- Functions of the Parliament -- The Stamp Act -- Lord Chatham -- Administration of Lord North -- Irish Discontents -- Protestant Association -- Lord George Gordon's Riots -- Parliamentary Reforms. CHAPTER XXVIII. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. (pp. 432-449.) Causes of the Revolution -- Riots and Disturbances -- Duty on Tea -- Port of Boston closed -- Meeting of Congress -- Speech of Burke -- Battle of Bunker Hill -- Death of Montgomery -- Declaration of American Independence -- Commissioners sent to France -- Capture of Burgoyne -- Moral Effects of Burgoyne's Capture -- Arrival of La Fayette -- Evacuation of Philadelphia -- The Treason of Arnold -- Surrender of Lord Cornwallis -- Resignation of Lord North. CHAPTER XXIX. ADMINISTRATION OF WILLIAM PITT. (pp. 450-470.) William Pitt -- Early Life of Pitt -- Policy of Pitt -- Difficulties with Ireland -- The United Irishmen -- Union of England and Ireland -- Condition of Ireland -- Parliamentary Reform -- Warren Hastings -- War with Hyder Ali -- Robbery of the Princesses of Oude -- Prosecution of Hastings -- Edmund Burke -- Charles James Fox -- Richard Brinsley Sheridan -- Bill for the Regulation of India -- War with Tippoo Saib -- Conquest of India -- Consequences of the Conquest -- War with France -- Policy of Pitt. CHAPTER XXX. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. (pp. 471-495.) Causes of the French Revolution -- Helvetius -- Voltaire -- Rousseau -- Diderot -- General Influence of the Philosophers -- Sufferings of the People -- Degradation of the People -- Derangement of Finances -- Maurepas -- Turgot -- Malesherbes -- Necker -- Calonne -- States General -- The Tiers Etat -- Commotions -- Rule of the People -- National Federation -- Flight of the King -- The Girondists and the Jacobins -- The National Convention -- Marat -- Danton -- Robespierre -- General War -- Reign of Terror -- Death of Robespierre -- New Constitution -- The Directory. CHAPTER XXXI. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. (pp. 496-526.)