THE STUDY OF HISTORY. On historical method: C. V. Langlois and Charles Seignobos, _Introduction to the Study of History_, trans. by G. G. Berry (1912); J. M. Vincent, _Historical Research: an Outline of Theory and Practice_ (1911); H. B. George, _Historical Evidence_ (1909); F. M. Fling, _Outline of Historical Method_ (1899). Different views of history: J. H. Robinson, _The New History_ (1912), a collection of stimulating essays; J. T. Shotwell, suggestive article _History_ in 11th edition of _Encyclopædia Britannica_; T. B. Macaulay, essay on _History_; Thomas Carlyle, _Heroes and Hero Worship_; Karl Lamprecht, _What is History_? trans. by E. A. Andrews (1905). Also see Henry Johnson, _The Teaching of History_ (1915); Eduard Fueter, _Geschichte der neueren Historiographie_ (1911); Ernst Bernheim, _Lehrbuch der historischen Methode und der Geschichtsphilosophie_, 5th ed. (1914); G. P. Gooch, _History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century_ (1913). TEXTBOOKS AND MANUALS OF MODERN HISTORY. J. H. Robinson and C. A. Beard, _The Development of Modern Europe_, 2 vols. (1907), a political and social narrative from the time of Louis XIV, and by the same authors, _Readings in Modern European History_, 2 vols. (1908-1909), an indispensable sourcebook, with critical bibliographies; Ferdinand Schevill, _A Political History of Modern Europe from the Reformation to the Present Day_ (1907); T. H. Dyer, _A History of Modern Europe from the Fall of Constantinople_, 3d ed. revised and continued to the end of the nineteenth century by Arthur Hassall, 6 vols. (1901), somewhat antiquated but still valuable for its vast store of political facts; Victor Duruy, _History of Modern Times from the Fall of Constantinople to the French Revolution_, trans. by E. A. Grosvenor (1894), verbose and somewhat uncritical, but usable for French history. More up-to-date series of historical manuals are now appearing or are projected by Henry Holt and Company under the editorship of Professor C. H. Haskins, by The Century Company under Professor G. L. Burr, by Ginn and Company under Professor J. H. Robinson, and by Houghton Mifflin Company under Professor J. T. Shotwell: such of these volumes as have appeared are noted in the appropriate chapter bibliographies following. The Macmillan Company has published _Periods of European History,_ 8 vols. (1893-1901), under the editorship of Arthur Hassall, of which the last five volumes treat of political Europe from 1494 to 1899; and a more elementary political series, _Six Ages of European History_, 6 vols. (1910), under the editorship of A. H. Johnson, of which the last three volumes cover the years from 1453 to 1878. Much additional information is obtainable from such popular series as _Story of the Nations_ (1886 _sqq._), _Heroes of the Nations_ (1890 _sqq._), and _Home University Library,_ though the volumes in such series are of very unequal merit. Convenient chronological summaries are: G. P. and G. H. Putnam,