und ihre Ziele_, a remarkable series begun in 1906 and intended to explain in many volumes the civilization of the twentieth century in all its aspects; Erich Brandenburg (editor), _Bibliothek der Geschichtswissenschaft_, a series recently projected, the first volume appearing in 1912; J. von Pflugk-Harttung, _Weltgeschichte: die Entwicklung der Menschheit in Staat und Gesellschaft, in Kultur und Geistesleben_, 6 vols. illust. (1908-1911); Theodor Lindner, _Weltgeschichte seit der Völkerwanderung_, 8 vols. (1908-1914). Valuable contributions to general modern history occur in such monumental national histories as Karl Lamprecht, _Deutsche Geschichte_, 12 vols. in 16 (1891-1909), and, more particularly, Ernest Lavisse (editor), _Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu'à la Révolution_, 9 double vols. (1900-1911). BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARIES. General: _Encyclopedia Britannica_, 11th ed., 29 vols. (1910-1911); _New International Encyclopedia_, 2d ed., 24 vols. (1914-1916); _Catholic Encyclopedia_, 15 vols. (1907-1912). Great Britain: Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee (editors), _Dictionary of National Biography_, 72 vols. (1885-1913). France: Hoefer (editor), _Nouvelle biographie générale_, 46 vols. (1855-1866); _Dictionnaire de biographie française_, projected (1913) under editorship of Louis Didier, Albert Isnard, and Gabriel Ledos. Germany: Liliencron and Wegele (editors), _Allgemeine deutsche Biographie_, 54 vols. (1875 _sqq_.). Austria-Hungary: Wurzbach (editor), _Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich_, 60 vols. (1856-1891). There is also a well-known French work--L. G. Michaud, _Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne_, 45 vols. (1880).