THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR. General treatments: E. F. Henderson, _A Short History of Germany_, Vol. I (1902), ch. xvii, xviii, a good, short introduction; S. R. Gardiner, _The Thirty Years' War_ (1897), in the "Epochs of Modern History" Series, the best brief survey; _History of All Nations_, Vol. XII, ch. iv-viii, by Martin Philippson, a well-known German historian; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol. IV (1906), ch. i, iii, v-vii, xiii, xiv, xx, xxii; _Histoire générale_, Vol. V, ch. xii; Anton Gindely, _The Thirty Years' War_, trans. from the German by Andrew Ten Brook, 2 vols. (1884), a popular treatment by a recognized authority in this field, breaking off, unfortunately, in the year 1623; Gustav Droysen, _Das Zeitalter des dreissigjährigen Krieges_ (1888) and Georg Winter, _Geschichte des dreissigjährigen Krieges_ (1893), two bulky volumes in the Oncken Series devoted respectively to the political and military aspects of the war; Émile Charvériat, _Histoire de la guerre de trente ans_, 2 vols. (1878), a reliable French account of the whole struggle. On the history of the Germanies from the religious peace of Augsburg to the peace of Westphalia there is the painstaking _Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation und des dreissigjährigen Krieges, 1555-1648_, by Moritz Ritter, 3 vols. (1889-1908). For the history of Austria during the period, see Franz Kroncs, _Handbuch der Geschichte Oesterreichs von der ältesten Zeit_, Vol. III (1877), Books XIV-XV. For the Netherlands, with special reference to Spain's part in the war: Henri Pirenne, _Histoire de Belgique_, Vol. IV, _1567-1648_ (1911). For Bohemia: Ernest Denis, _Fin de l'indépendance bohême_, Vol. II (1890), and, by the same author, _La Bohême depuis la Montagne-Blanche_, Vol. I (1903). For Denmark and Sweden: R. N. Bain, _Scandinavia, a Political History of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, from 1513 to 1900_ (1905). There is a convenient biography of _Gustavus Adolphus_ by C. R. L. Fletcher in the "Heroes of the Nations" Series (1890), and a more detailed study in German by Gustav Droysen, 2 vols. (1869-1870). On Wallenstein there are two standard German works: Leopold von Ranke, _Geschichte Wallensteins_, 3d ed. (1872), and Anton Gindely, _Waldstein_, 1625-1630, 2 vols. (1886). The best brief treatment of European international relations in the time of Richelieu and Mazarin is Emile Bourgeois, _Manuel historique de politique étrangère_, 4th ed., Vol. I (1906), ch. i, ii, vi. For a brief treatment of the development of international law during the period, see D. J. Hill, _History of Diplomacy in the International Development of Europe_, Vol. II (1906), ch. vii. The treaties of Westphalia are in the famous old compilation of Jean Dumont, _Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens_, 8 vols. (1726-1731). CHAPTER VII THE GROWTH OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE AND THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN BOURBONS AND HABSBURGS, 1661-1743 THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV